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In the 20th century, both Russia and China experienced revolutionary transformations, with the Russian Revolution of 1917 leading to the establishment of the Soviet Union and the Chinese Revolution culminating in the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Both countries adopted communism as their guiding ideology, emphasizing state control over the economy and collective ownership. However, they differed in their approaches to governance and economic policies; the Soviet Union often maintained a more centralized and authoritarian regime, while China, especially after the 1978 reforms under Deng Xiaoping, gradually incorporated market-oriented reforms. Additionally, their historical contexts and national identities shaped their respective paths, leading to distinct geopolitical strategies and alliances during the Cold War.

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