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Marius fought several wars. He led the Romans in the Jugurthine War against Jugurtha, a usurper king of Numidia (in present day Algeria). He fought in the later stages of the Cimbrian War and defeated the Cimbri and the Teutones. These two migrating Germanic peoples had routed the Roman army once in Noricum (in present day Austria) and three times in Gaul. Tens of thousands of Roman soldier were killed. Marius defeated the Teutones and their allies, the Ambones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (in Gaul). The Teutones and the Ambrones were virtually wiped out. He then defeated the Cimbri who were marching into Italy at the Battle of Vercellae (in Italy). He was also one of the Roman commanders in the War of the Allies (or Social War) in which Rome's Italian allies rebelled and fought against her.
Marius fought two civil wars against another Roman general, Lucius Cornelius Sula (they are called Sulla's First Civil War, and Sulla's Second Civil War). In the first occasion, Sulla was a consul and was assigned to lead the army in a war in the East. Marius persuaded, Suplicius, a plebeian tribune, to revoke the senate's assignment of command to Sulla. Suplicius also tried to get the assembly to expel senators until there were not enough senators to form a quorum in the senate. An attempt by thugs hired by the senators to kill Suplicius was foiled. Riots broke out in the city. Sulla fled Rome levied loyal troops and marched on Rome. This was unprecedented. Roman religion forbade bearing weapons inside the city walls. Sulla's senatorial officers refused to enter the city. Marius' supporters organised a force of gladiators to put up resistance, but Sulla's soldiers defeated them. Marius fled to Africa. When Sulla left to fight the war in the East, Marius returned to Rome. Together with his son and Cinna he seized control of Rome from Sulla's supporters and their leaders were killed. Marius declared Sulla's reforms invalid, had Cinna elected as consul and himself as commander of the war in the East. However, Marius died two week later and Cinna became in sole control in Rome. Sulla returned to Rome with his troops and surrounded the city. The people opened the gates and Sulla took the city without a fight.
Marius and Sulla were leaders of the pulularis and optimate factions respectively. The pupularis championed the cause of the poor and wanted reforms to help the poor. The optimates favoured the interests of the aristocracy and was opposed to the reforms. The conflict between these two factions continued and led to more civil wars and contributed to the fall of the Roman Republic. Marius was regarded as a hero by subsequent generations of the popularis.
Marius was elected as consul in 107 BC (the year of his military reforms). The consuls were the two annually elected heads of the republic and the army. He was elected again for five consecutive years because of military emergencies.
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Which influention reform is attributed to Gaius Marius?
The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.
How Fredrick II reform the military of Prussia to make it powerful or what sorts of things did her do to reform it?
Most of the military 'build-up' was the work of his father, Frederick William I (reigned 1713-1740). The latter had remained at peace, but Frederick II decided to use the army he had inherited.
Gorbachev soon realized that economic reform would not succeed without?
Military cutbacks and western investments.
How did Marius changes to the military change Rome?
The Marian reform (170 BC) allowed the propertyless to join the army. Previously, only people with a property value above a certain threshold were drafted. This was because the individual had to provide and pay for his military equipment and only those who could afford this were drafted. Marius made the state provide and pay for the equipment of soldiers and abolished conscription, making joining the army voluntary. The poor flocked to the army because it gave them a career and pay that kept them going for 16 years and at the end of the service they would get a honestamissio. This was a certificate which sectioned the legal end of the service and granted the retiring solder either a lump sum (numnaria missio) or a plot of land in the Roman colonies (settlements) in the conquered areas (agraria missio). This was also given to soldiers who were discharged early due to injury or illness (gratiosa missio). Military service was increased to 20 years by Caesar and to 25 years by Augustus.Marius also did away with the military formation of the maniples and replaced it with the cohorts.
Which reform was passed soon after the end of World War 2?
Ending segregation in the military (APEX) Ending restrictive covenants against blacks and Jews (APEX)
Which influential reform is attributed to Gaius Marius?
The influential reform that is attributed to Gaius Marius was the soldiers would be rewarded with a piece of land to settle on once their military service was finished.
Why did Roman soldiers rely on their generals after marius reformed?
Marius' reform created a professional army. Soldiers signed up for 16 years. Later this was extended to 20 and 25 years. The military became their life, they were stationed around the empire and were isolated from their relatives and from civilian life. They became loyal to their commanders.
What effect did Marius' reform have on the loyalty of legionaries?
The Marian ended conscription and made joining the army voluntary. However, reforms did not create a centralised system of recruitment. Soldiers were recruited and paid by military commanders and they were loyal to their commanders.
How did Sulla turn what he had learned from Marius against him?
What Sulla learned from Gaius Marius were military skills. Sulla served under Marius' generalship during his early military career. Sulla later turned against Marius and fought a civil war (Sulla's first civil war, 88-87 BC) against him and one (Sulla's second civil war, 82-81 BC) against Marius' supporters after Marius' death. Sulla was victorious partly due to loyalty of his legions and partly because he was a great general. Sulla's conflicts with Marius were due partly to personal rivalry and partly to political differences. In 88 BC Sulla was given the command for the First Mithridatic War, but Marius fancied commanding the troops in this war and plotted to have this command transferred to himself. Sulla marched on Rome with his troops, secured his command and left for the front of the war. Sulla belonged to the optimates, a conservative political faction which supported tradition and the interests of the aristocracy. Marius belonged to the populares, a political faction which supported reform in favour of the plight of the poor and opposed the optimantes. Marius used the support of the Populares to plot against Sulla and pursued policies which Sulla strongly opposed.
Which influention reform is attributed to Gaius Marius?
The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.The most influential reform attributed to Gaius Marius was the restructuring of the army. He not only changed the fighting units and invented a new type of javelin, but he opened up the army to all Roman citizens instead of just to the wealthy.
What is the typical day of a reform rabbi?
Reform rabbis live like everyone else. Besides teaching, they also take part in regular, everyday life.
Why might the wealthy have preferred military rule to land reform?
The wealthy might have preferred military rule to land reform because military rulers tend to maintain the existing power structure and protect the interests of the elite class, including landowners. Land reform could threaten their wealth and privilege by redistributing land to the poor and landless, potentially reducing the wealthy's influence and control.
How did Marius's changes to the military change Rome?
Marius scrapped the military levy and the property qualification to be legible to the levy. Prior to his reform the Roman soldiers were peasant smallholders who went back to their farms after the military campaigning season. Marius made joining the army voluntary and recruited anyone, including the landless poor. He also supplied the military equipment himself. Prior to this the soldiers had to pay and provide for their requirement themselves - this is why the soldiers were propertied farmers; they who could afford this. Thus, Marius made it affordable for the landless poor to join the army. The landless poor flocked to the army for a career, a pay (pay for the solders had been introduced before Marius' reforms) and for a sense of belonging and of being taken care of which they did not experience in the city. Marius also introduced the grant of either a plot of land to farm or a lump sum of money on discharge to provide a further incentive to voluntarily join the army. These changes were in response recruitment shortages. Marius set the period of military service at 16 years. This was not the begging of the standing Roman professional army yet. That occurred later, under the reign of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Marius did not establish recruitment by the Roman state. The military commanders levied legions as an when they needed. This made the soldiers loyal to their commanders, rather than the Roman state. During the civil wars which tore the Roman Republic, the warring commandeers on both sides could recruit their troops at their will. Recruitment became organised by the state under Augustus. Marius changed the structure and formation of the legions. He did away with the heavy and the light infantry and armed all the soldiers the same way. He did away with the manipular formation and replaced it with the cohorts. This created a fully articulated legion design more capable of maneuvering and responding promptly to the orders of its leaders. He also made the legions more mobile by making the soldiers carry much of their supplies and their their and camping equipment with a forked stick to carry their load on their shoulders. This shortened the baggage trains which had became overly long.
What reform was passed soon after the end of World War 2?
Ending segregation in the military.
Will Barack Obama's healthcare reform bill affect military personnel and their dependents?
YES!
What is Mitt Romney's position on military retirement reform?
Mitt considers military retirees among the "47%" of Americans dependent on the federal government.
What did Gorbachev attempt to do by instituting perestroika?
reform the Soviet Union politically and economically
