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The short story is that the West Roman Empire was destroyed by Germanic Tribes, who set up their own kingdoms, and the East Roman Empire survived for another thousand years, until it was destroyed in 1453.

The Roman Empire was divided for administrative purposes under Diocletian in 293. In the following years, it reunited and redivided several times. Its last division happened in 395, when Emperor Theodosius died. This left the West Roman Empire and the East Roman Empire.

The West Roman Empire was invaded by a number of large armies of Germanic tribes, including Visigoths, Vandals, Franks, and others. These set up kingdoms of their own, and the power of the West Roman Empire declined rapidly.

According to our history books, the Dark Ages began in 476, when the last emperor of the West Roman Empire, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed. Even this is not all that clearly true. Julius Nepos, who preceded Romulus Augustulus, was still in power in some places until he died in 480.

The people who deposed Romunus Augustulus went to the Emperor of the East Roman Empire, and said they no longer needed a separate emperor. So, in theory, the Roman Empire was reunited in 476. The truth is, the only thing the East got out of the deal was Italy, and it did not have any firm hold on that. Soon, Italy was invaded and taken by Ostrogoths, and the East Roman Empire lost all its possessions in the West.

Emperor Justinian I organized invasions of the West in the early 6th century. He took over the Roman possessions in Africa, Italy, and part of Spain. But the situation went into decline again when he died. The East Roman Empire of this period is called the Byzantine Empire by our historians, and it endured, flowering at one time and declining at others, until 1453.

The institutions of the West Roman Empire did not simply go away in 476. The Roman Senate kept meeting for a long time. We have records of their actions as late as 603, but they may have continued.

Schools that existed under the Roman Empire sometimes were able to continue operation in the Dark Ages. The University of Salerno can trace its origins to a set of medical schools that moved to Salerno because of the Germanic invasions. One School in Wales that was opened under Emperor Theodosius, while the Roman Empire was still united, was finally closed by King Henry VIII, in the Renaissance.

When Charlemagne was crowned emperor, it was an attempt to revive the West Roman Empire, so he was called Emperor of the Roman People. Empress Irene, who was the monarch of the Byzantine Empire of the time (which was the continuation of the old Roman Empire) was not amused. Charlemagne's empire was divided by his son's heirs, but there was an attempt to revive even that, again called the Roman Empire, but this time it changed its name to the Holy Roman Empire. It continued until it was destroyed by Napoleon.

There are still people around today who claim to be the rightful heirs to the throne of the Roman Empire.

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13y ago

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