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In the East, there was a state sponsored educational system that had been put in place by the East Roman Empire in 425 AD and remained until the Byzantine Empire fell in 1453. It had primary schools at the village level, and included education up to the level of the university. Though the University of Constantinople was founded in 425, it is not listed as the first European university, because it never granted degrees recognized in the West.

Most of the schools in the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe were run by the Church. The oldest of these dated from Roman times, and there was at least one school that remained from the Roman Empire that was closed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII. Charlemagne opened schools, mostly under Church operation.

There were schools that were state run. One current English school was opened in Northumbria in 700 AD as a state run school. King Alfred the Great set about creating schools that would teach people to read and write in his own language, Old English.

Some schools were run by teachers and students, on a more or less commercial basis. The old medical schools that existed in Velia under the Roman Empire were of this type. They relocated during the 6th century to Salerno because the times were chaotic, and persisted until they were combined with one or more other organizations to form the Salerno Medical School. The date of this is not known, but it seems to have happened in the 9th century. The famous woman physician, Trotula of Salerno, is said to have taught in this school - it seems probable that she was educated in it as well.

Western universities began to open in 1088 with the University of Bologna. Some of these were Church run. Others, including Oxford and Cambridge, were state run. And others, including the University of Bologna, were run by teachers and students.

In the 13th century, the introduction of the Arabic numeric system produced a demand from merchants for schools that would teach them. These were called abacus schools. They were commercially run, taught reading and writing in the vernacular language, taught arithmetic and business mathematics, and seem mostly to have been coeducational, so women could tend the business when that was needed.

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