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Emperor Diocletian created a tetrarchy (rule by four). He was a senior emperor with fellow general Maximian who was his co-emperor. Maximian was senior emperor in the west and Diocletian was senior emperor in the east. Two junior emperors were also appointed. They were subordinate to the senior emperors and took charge of areas of the frontiers which were under the greatest pressure from attacks from outside, the river Rhine in the west and the river Danube in the east. The four units were administrative units of a single empire. Diocletian stressed that the empire was indivisible. The arrangement was designed to improve the defence of the vast frontiers of the empire which were constantly attacked.

Four imperial capitals were created: Milan as the capital in the west, Nicomedia (in northwestern Turkey) as the capital of the east, Augusta Trevorum (Triers in Germany near the river Rhine) as the capital of the junior emperor who was responsible for Gaul, Spain and Britain and Sirmium (near Belgrade on the river Danube) as the capital of the junior emperor who was responsible for southeastern Europe. Maximian took charge of Italy and Africa and Diocletian took charge of Asia and Egypt. The new capitals were closer to the frontiers to be defended than Rome, which became only the nominal capital of the empire.

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