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Traditionally the Middle Ages in Europe covered the millennium from the 5th-15th centuries (often from 410 or 476 to 1453 or 1492). Some have excluded the less well-documented "Dark Ages" (a term since fallen largely into disuse) of the 5th-8th centuries. A still narrower though now less common usage in English historiography reserves "medieval" for the Norman and Plantagenet dynasties of 1066-1485, considering the 5th-11th centuries "Anglo-Saxon". Some later scholars have proposed also a separate "late Classical" period of transition from Antiquity to Medieval, spanning roughly the 3rd to 7th centuries. Subdivisions widely accepted for the later period include High Middle Ages (11th-13th centuries), a period when medieval society is considered to have risen to its most developed form (though historians have also identified the first signs of its disintegration in the latter part of this period) and Late Middle Ages (14th-15th centuries), generally seen as a time of demographic and socio-economic crisis (though paradoxically also perhaps of rising living standards): adherents of a "long" medieval era in these terms view the 5th-10th centuries as the Early Middle Ages.

It should be borne in mind that this periodisation strictly relates only to Europe (and not necessarily its whole), though the label has been applied to sub-Saharan Africa in the centuries before the advent of European trade and the Middle East, Iran and India from the 7th or 8th centuries to the early 16th: the fifth century has little significance as an epochal dividing-line outside Europe and the western Mediterranean, and the centuries-long Ming dynasty gives the period 1368-1644 a distinct unity in Chinese history.

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