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During the Middle Ages, trade on the Mediterranean Sea was primarily controlled by a combination of Italian city-states, such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, which established powerful maritime republics. These cities dominated trade routes and established networks for the exchange of goods, including spices, textiles, and precious metals. Additionally, the Byzantine Empire and later the Ottoman Empire played significant roles in controlling trade, particularly in the eastern Mediterranean. This dynamic led to a complex interplay of commerce, politics, and culture throughout the region.

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