Who was considered a part citizen in Rome?

Answer 1

Prior to the extension of Roman citizenship to all the peoples in the empire by emperor Vespasian, there were four categories of citizenship in the Roman Empire:

The Cives Romani were freeborn Romans. Men enjoyed a wide range of privileges and protections of Roman law. Women had had a limited form of citizenship. They were not allowed to vote or stand for civil or public office. They had the right to own property, to engage in business, and divorce. There were two types of Cives Romani. The cives non optimo jure (or sine suffragio) had the rights of jus commercii and jus connubii (see below). The cives optimo jure, additionally had rights of jus suffragiorum and jus honorum (see below).

The Latini originally were the citizens of the Latin League who came under the control of Rome in 348 BC. They were given a form of citizenship which gave Latin Rights (jus Latii): the rights of jus commercii and ius migrationis, but not the jus connubii., This was a legal definition, rather than ethnic one. Later all the italic peoples were given Roman citizenship.

The Socii or Foederati (allies) were citizens of Italic peoples which had signed alliance treaties with Rome. The treaties gave them certain legal rights of Roman law in exchange for offering military service in auxiliary troops which supported the Roman legions.

The Provinciales were the people outside Italy who had been conquered or were under Roman influence. They did not have the rights of the Socii. However, they had the rights of the jus gentium. The rights it conferred were considered to be held by all persons. They were based on the notion that the concept of justice sprung from the human mind rather than ethnicity and that they applied regardless of citizenship.

The rights of Roman citizens were:

Jus suffragiorum: The right to vote in the Roman assemblies. - Jus honorum: The right to stand for public office.- Jus commercii: The right to make legal contracts and to hold property as a Roman citizen.-Jus connubii: The right to have a lawful marriage with a Roman citizen and to have the legal rights of the paterfamilias (head of the family) - Jus migrationis: The right to preserve full citizenship on relocation to a colony of Roman status. This did not apply on relocation to a colony of lesser legal status. Citizenship was reduced to Latin citizenship of one moved a Latin colony, which conferred less rights.- The right to sue in the courts. - The right to have a legal trial and to defend yourself before a proper court. -The right to appeal the decisions of officers of state and to appeal the decisions of the lower court.

A Roman citizen could not be tortured, whipped, or sentenced to death, unless guilty of treason. If accused of treason, a Roman citizen had the right to be tried in Rome, and, if sentenced to death, could be crucified. Roman citizenship was required to enlist in the Roman legions.