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Waves of horse warriors from the steppes from the 3rd century b.c. settled in the Middle East. Established empires by the 6th century a.d.

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A second wave came in early 1000s. In 1040 and 1071 the Abbasid Caliphate was defeated and Turkish warriors settled the area. In 1451, the Turks defeated and replaced the Byzantine Empire. In the 14th century, the Seljuk Turks founded the Ottoman Empire, one of the most powerful empires in the world during the Late Middle Ages, spanning across North Africa to the Caspian Sea, all the way into what is now Southern Austria by the mid 17th century.

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16y ago

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