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The Romans did not rule the world. Their empire did not cover the whole world; in fact, most of the world was not then known. The Roman Empire covered Western Europe up to the river Rhine and central Germany, the Balkan Peninsula (south-eastern Europe) the Middle East west of Iran and north of Saudi Arabia and the coast of North Africa.

The Roman Empire expanded gradually. It expanded into central and southern Italy in the 4th century BC and around the Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. More conquests were made in the 1st century AD and it reached its greatest extent in 116. The western part of the Roman Empire fell under the weight of the invasions by Germanic peoples. The conventional date given for its end is 476. The eastern part of the Roman Empire was not affected by these invasions and continued to exist until its capital, Constantinople, was taken by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Historians have coined the term Byzantine Empire to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part.

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