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1. In many ways, the Arabs and Turks were more advanced than the Europeans. Over the centuries following the First Crusade, many new ideas and inventions came back to Europe with returning crusaders: the mangonel catapult, gunpowder, concentric castles, round towers, pointed arches, chess, better medical knowledge, alchemy, lateen sails, navigation instruments (the magnetic compass and astrolabe), windmills, wheel barrows, improved mathematical knowledge (the zero and algebra) and new Musical Instruments (the harp, shawm and lute). In contrast, the Muslims had little to learn from the west.

2. New products imported to Europe from the Middle East included: carpets, silk, cotton, spices (especially cinnamon, pepper and nutmeg), citrus fruits (Oranges, lemons etc.), sugar and sweets (nougat and Turkish delight).

3. New domestic animals introduced into Europe as a result of contact with the Middle East include: donkeys, carrier pigeons and faster horses.

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