They can try to call them, but the doctor is not allowed to give out any information about you.
The doctor might be able to say "yes s/he came in today"/"no s/he didn't come in". But the doctor is not allowed to give out the reason why you went in, since this would be a breach of the Doctor-Patient Confidentiality and therefore illegal.
In summary-
The doctor can say whether you have seen him/her on that day.
But the doctor cannot tell the employer why, if you did, you went to see the doctor, unless the doctor has your permission to do so.
No, unless the employer is the police.
Legally? There are none for the employer. Employee status is not secret or confidential - expect no privacy.
Yes, they are legally allowed to.
no
An employer cannot legally withhold payment from an employee for any length of time. Employees must be paid for the work they have done according to the agreed-upon terms and schedule.
Yes. Legally, they are allowed to say anything that is factual and accurate.
yes
Yes, an employer can legally terminate an employee for providing false information on their job application. This is considered a breach of trust and can be grounds for dismissal.
legally By filing an unemployment claim and if the state finds for the employer you can appeal the state's decision.
No, an employer cannot legally withhold payment from an employee for hours worked or services rendered. It is against labor laws to withhold wages without a valid reason, such as unpaid taxes or court-ordered garnishments. Employees have the right to receive their full wages on time.
Legally, though local laws may vary, the employer can require the employee to report to work in a uniform without providing any assistance to the employee to acquire that uniform. Ethics of this situation are debatable. Ultimately, either you want to work there or you don't.
Legally your previous employer cannot give a negative feedback to a potential new employer. All they can do is verify employment, dates of employment, and the position held by the employee.