European nations didn't gain any territory in the Middle East in the 1800s - Britain effectively took over control of Egypt in 1882, but Egypt is in North Africa rather than the Middle East, which remained under Ottoman control until well into WW1, in the 20th century.
Whoever set the question is mistaken about events in the region during the 1800s.
B) competing for raw materials and markets
The Monroe Doctrine was the policy that said that European nations should not interfere with America.
Almost invariably, they had far larger populations, but inferior armaments.
No. Fiji, Australia and New Zealand are all considered to be part of Oceania, but this region of the Pacific is not the territory of any one particular country. Each of these three nations has its own territory, which is not actually included within any other nations' territory.
Because they (Europe) could get certain goods from there (the Americas), and with wealth came power. An example of that was New France in the 1600-1700s when France started a colony in Canada (which later expanded into what used to be called Louisiana Territory). Its main purpose was for the fur trade. And as a random fact, the French actually learned and allied with one of the Native Americans in the area. Another purpose for European colonies in the Americas was for religious freedom. An extremely popular example is Plymouth, settled in present day Massachusetts in 1620 by the Pilgrims.
France and England competed for influence in India.
Several European nations have had influence in the Caribbean Sea. Those nations include the United States, Spain, France, the Netherlands, and Portugal.
expansion of European influence overseas Rise to power of European nations bordering on the Atlantic
expansion of European influence overseas Rise to power of European nations bordering on the Atlantic
The Netherlands Spain Portugal France and Britain still own territory in South America.
Spain, United Kingdom, France, Russia/USSR.
The Berlin Conference
The Hawley-Smoot Tariff backfired because European nations raised taxes on European imports.
`because they are not european
The European nations rivalries because they wanted to expand their empires colonially. This included all countries.
because it's for the economy
that European nations would have to alert one another about any African territory they claimed.