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How are macromolecules disassembled?
Macromolecules are disassembled through the process of hydrolysis, which involves the addition of a water molecule to break the bonds between monomers. Enzymes are often involved in catalyzing these reactions, allowing for controlled and efficient disassembly of macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
What scientific knowledge about macromolecules is a direct result of Gerardus Johnannes Mulders 1838 discovery?
Gerardus Johannes Mulder's 1838 discovery was pivotal in advancing the understanding of macromolecules, particularly proteins. He introduced the concept of proteins being composed of amino acids and identified their essential role in biological processes. His work laid the foundation for the study of protein structure and function, ultimately contributing to the field of biochemistry and our understanding of macromolecular biology. Mulder's insights helped establish the connection between the chemical composition of proteins and their biological significance.
Where does the energy in macromolecules come from?
The energy in macromolecules comes primarily from the chemical bonds between atoms within their molecular structure. These macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, store energy in the form of potential energy, which is released during metabolic processes like cellular respiration. During these processes, the bonds are broken, and the stored energy is converted into usable forms, such as ATP, which powers various cellular functions. Ultimately, the energy originates from the sun, which is captured by plants through photosynthesis and then transferred through the food chain.
What is the comparison between the structure of starch and protein?
* Both are macromolecules (large molecules). * Both are polymers, having similar repeating units. * Starch is a polysaccharide, and specifically a polymer of glucose; proteins are polymers of amino acids. There are more than 20 different amino acids found in proteins. * Starch consists of both branched and unbranched forms; the polypeptide chains of proteins are not branched (although there may be covalent and other bonds formed different points along chains). * Starch is essentially in the form of long fibrous molecules; proteins have complex secondary (coils, pleated sheets, loops, turns), tertiary (folding) and even quaternary (assembly of two or more chains in some proteins) structures that result in an enormous variety of three-dimensional shapes.
What biological molecules that are used to show relatedness between organisms?
Biological molecules commonly used to demonstrate relatedness between organisms include DNA, RNA, and proteins. DNA sequencing allows scientists to compare genetic material across species, revealing evolutionary relationships. Similarly, RNA sequences and protein structures can provide insights into the similarities and differences among organisms, reflecting their evolutionary paths. These molecular analyses are fundamental in fields like phylogenetics and evolutionary biology.
What type of organic macromolecules is formed by polymerization reactions between amino?
Amino acids are monomers of proteins. So they build up proteins
How are macromolecules disassembled?
Macromolecules are disassembled through the process of hydrolysis, which involves the addition of a water molecule to break the bonds between monomers. Enzymes are often involved in catalyzing these reactions, allowing for controlled and efficient disassembly of macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Do all proteins have quandary structure?
No. Proteins start out as a Primary structure, which is just the linear form and sequence of amino acids. The proteins then start forming alpha helices and/or Beta sheets depending on the properties of the amino acids. This is their Secondary structure The proteins then fold completely into tertiary structure. Here, we have a lot of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions within the protein between the helices and beta sheets. Many proteins are fully functional in their tertiary structure and don't have any reason for forming into a quaternary structure. In the quaternary structure, we usually see an interaction between 2 or more polypeptides or proteins. An example would be 2 proteins in their tertiary structure binding together to become a functional dimer. If 3 proteins were interacting it would form a trimer. Several proteins are functional only in a quaternary structure while several more proteins are just fine in their tertiary structure and therefore do not have a quaternary structure.
What is the definition for Genetic Relatedness?
Genetic relatedness is a measure of the similarity of genetic material between two individuals or groups. It is used to determine the degree of genetic similarity and common ancestry between them.
How does the structures of macro-molecules act as an index of relatedness between species?
The structures of macro-molecules, such as DNA and proteins, can be used to infer relatedness between species because they are inherited from common ancestors. By comparing the similarities and differences in the sequences of these molecules among different species, scientists can construct phylogenetic trees that show the evolutionary relationships between them. Closer related species tend to have more similar macro-molecular structures than distantly related species.
What determines the degree of relatedness between two different species?
The degree of relatedness between two different species can be determined by taxons and a classificaton system. The classification system is used to organize things into different categories based on their evolutionary relationships.
What is the difference between integral and transmembrane proteins in terms of their structure and function?
Integral proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, while transmembrane proteins span across the entire membrane. Integral proteins are involved in cell signaling and transport of molecules, while transmembrane proteins play a role in cell communication and maintaining cell structure.
What is the comparison between the structure of starch and protein?
* Both are macromolecules (large molecules). * Both are polymers, having similar repeating units. * Starch is a polysaccharide, and specifically a polymer of glucose; proteins are polymers of amino acids. There are more than 20 different amino acids found in proteins. * Starch consists of both branched and unbranched forms; the polypeptide chains of proteins are not branched (although there may be covalent and other bonds formed different points along chains). * Starch is essentially in the form of long fibrous molecules; proteins have complex secondary (coils, pleated sheets, loops, turns), tertiary (folding) and even quaternary (assembly of two or more chains in some proteins) structures that result in an enormous variety of three-dimensional shapes.
What is binding buffer?
It contain acetate and chaotrope. It disrupts the intermolecular forces between water molecules,allowing proteins and other macromolecules to dissolve more easily.
What determines the relatedness between two different species?
whatever the dicoythamus key says is the difference
What is the difference between relatedness and descendancy?
Relatedness refers to how individuals are connected through a common ancestor or genetic similarity, while descendancy specifically refers to the lineage or ancestry from which an individual is directly descended. Relatedness can encompass a broader network of connections, whereas descendancy focuses on a specific lineage of direct ancestry.
Components of protein?
Proteins are long chains of amino acids. The sequence of amino acids that make up a specific protein is its primary structure. Many proteins have secondary structure that is caused by interactions between associated amino acids, causing kinks or twists in the protein change. Some have tertiary structure, which is caused by joining together of one or more chains.
