Extrinsic Regulation
The stimulus and response pathway involves the process by which an organism detects a stimulus and then responds to it. This begins with sensory receptors detecting a change in the environment (the stimulus), which sends signals through sensory neurons to the central nervous system. The brain processes this information and generates a response, which is transmitted through motor neurons to effectors, such as muscles or glands, resulting in a physical reaction. This pathway is essential for survival, enabling organisms to adapt to their surroundings.
The nervous reflex arc that typically involves a muscle or gland is known as the motor reflex arc. In this arc, sensory neurons transmit signals from a stimulus to the spinal cord, where they connect with interneurons or directly with motor neurons. The motor neurons then send signals to muscles to contract or to glands to secrete substances, resulting in an immediate response to the stimulus. This process enables rapid reactions to environmental changes, such as pulling away from a hot surface.
If a conditioned stimulus is repeated without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, the association between the two stimuli can weaken or disappear, a process called extinction. This can lead to the conditioned response fading away, as the conditioned stimulus is no longer seen as predictive of the unconditioned stimulus.
A simple association between a stimulus and a response is called classical conditioning. This process involves learning to associate a neutral stimulus with a biologically potent one, which results in the neutral stimulus producing the same response.
well, the question is too vague. I think you mean the nervous system and the endocrine system, if so, you can compare based on the facts that the messages sent in the nervous system are electrical messages but chemical messages in the endocrine system, known as hormones. the effect of the nervous system control is rapid, while it may lasts longer in case of hormonal control.
The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called sensory transduction. This is where sensory receptors convert physical or chemical stimulus energy into electrical signals that can be transmitted and processed by the brain.
Sensation is defined as the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
From the perspective of sensorial approach, the process of blushing involves a person's sympathetic nervous system. For example, when given the stimulus of embarrassment, the sympathetic nervous system causes blood vessels to widen that results in, for example,a reddening of the face.
Transduction usually begins when a sensory receptor detects a stimulus, such as light or pressure. The receptor then translates this stimulus into an electrical signal that can be interpreted by the nervous system.
The process of changing physical stimulus to neural stimulus is called transduction. This process involves converting sensory information from the environment into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.
Sensory adaptation (also called neural adaptation) is the process by which the nervous system 'adapts' to a continuous stimulus. Sensory (nervous) impulses are sent at gradually decreasing rates until we no longer feel the stimulus, although it is still there. This is why we sometimes forget that our glasses are on our foreheads or that we still have a pencil tucked behind our ear. The only sense that does NOT undergo sensory adaptation is obviously pain, because pain is so critical for survival that ignoring it can lead to serious injury or death.
When a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response by being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, it becomes a conditioned stimulus through a process called classical conditioning. This process involves the neutral stimulus eventually triggering the same response as the unconditioned stimulus.
The process that allows a second stimulus to cause the same response as the originally conditioned stimulus is called stimulus generalization. This occurs when similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
The process is called "acquisition" in classical conditioning. During acquisition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a response similar to the unconditioned stimulus.
The process in which an animal stops responding to a repeated stimulus is called habituation. Broadly defined, stimulus results in a reaction.
This process is called classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus alone can produce the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. This creates a conditioned response, where the neutral stimulus now elicits the same response as the unconditioned stimulus.
Yes, the first stage in the chain of biochemical and neurological events begins when a stimulus affects a sensory organ, leading to the transduction of that stimulus into an electrical signal. This process involves the activation of sensory receptors, which convert the physical or chemical stimulus into a neural signal. This signal is then transmitted to the nervous system for processing and interpretation.