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Post-transcriptional modification is a process in cell Biology by which, in eukararyotic cells, primary transcript RNA is converted into mature RNA. A notable example is the conversion of precursor messenger RNA into mature messenger RNA (mRNA), which includes splicing and occurs prior to protein synthesis. This process is vital for the correct translation of the genomes of eukaryotes as the human primary RNA transcript that is produced as a result of transcription contains both exons, which are coding sections of the primary RNA transcript.
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Why post-translational modification of protein does not occur in prokaryotes?
Post-translational modifications of proteins do occur in prokaryotes, but they are generally less complex than in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes lack certain cellular compartments where modifications like glycosylation occur in eukaryotes. Additionally, prokaryotes have simpler metabolic pathways that may not require extensive post-translational modifications for protein function.
What are the types of proteins that are synthesized in the rough ER?
Proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) primarily include secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and lysosomal proteins. These proteins are typically synthesized with an N-terminal signal peptide that directs them to the rough ER, where they undergo co-translational translocation into the lumen. Additionally, the rough ER is involved in the initial stages of post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which are essential for the proper functioning of these proteins.
What is the functiom of tough endoplasmic reticulum?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is primarily involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins. Its surface is studded with ribosomes, which facilitate the translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains. These proteins are often destined for secretion, incorporation into the cell membrane, or for use within lysosomes. Additionally, the RER plays a role in the initial stages of protein folding and post-translational modifications.
What is the primary structure for sorting and shipping of proteins for export from the cell or insertion into the cell membrane?
The primary structure responsible for sorting and shipping proteins for export from the cell or for insertion into the cell membrane is the Golgi apparatus. Proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are transported to the Golgi, where they undergo modification, sorting, and packaging into vesicles. These vesicles then deliver the proteins to their designated locations, either outside the cell or to the cell membrane. The Golgi apparatus thus plays a crucial role in the post-translational processing and distribution of proteins.
How is the diversity of different proteins created?
The diversity of proteins is created through several key processes, primarily gene expression, alternative splicing, and post-translational modifications. Genetic variations, such as mutations and recombination, contribute to the coding sequences of proteins. Additionally, alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple protein isoforms by including or excluding certain exons. Finally, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or glycosylation, further enhance this diversity by altering the protein's structure and function after it has been synthesized.
Differentiation is controlled at which level?
Post translational activation of the proteins
Eukaryotes show which kinds of control mechanisms is it transcriptional transcript processing translational post translational or all of these?
Eukaryotes exhibit control mechanisms at all levels, including transcriptional, transcript processing, translational, and post-translational regulation. These mechanisms work together to finely regulate gene expression and protein production in response to various internal and external signals.
Describe the last stage before escape of a viral infection?
assembly of the virus particles and post-translational modification of the viral proteins.
Why post-translational modification of protein does not occur in prokaryotes?
Post-translational modifications of proteins do occur in prokaryotes, but they are generally less complex than in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes lack certain cellular compartments where modifications like glycosylation occur in eukaryotes. Additionally, prokaryotes have simpler metabolic pathways that may not require extensive post-translational modifications for protein function.
What are the most common post translational modifications?
Post-translation or Post-translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of active protein either by means of reversible events (Post-translational modifications, such as Phosphorylation or sequestration) or by means of irreversible events (proteolysis).
Proteins made and modified here for secretion from cell?
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for synthesizing and modifying proteins that are intended for secretion from the cell. These proteins undergo various post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation and disulfide bond formation, within the lumen of the ER before being transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and eventual secretion.
What are the types of proteins that are synthesized in the rough ER?
Proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) primarily include secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and lysosomal proteins. These proteins are typically synthesized with an N-terminal signal peptide that directs them to the rough ER, where they undergo co-translational translocation into the lumen. Additionally, the rough ER is involved in the initial stages of post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which are essential for the proper functioning of these proteins.
What is the functiom of tough endoplasmic reticulum?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is primarily involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins. Its surface is studded with ribosomes, which facilitate the translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains. These proteins are often destined for secretion, incorporation into the cell membrane, or for use within lysosomes. Additionally, the RER plays a role in the initial stages of protein folding and post-translational modifications.
How is the diversity of different proteins created?
The diversity of proteins is created through several key processes, primarily gene expression, alternative splicing, and post-translational modifications. Genetic variations, such as mutations and recombination, contribute to the coding sequences of proteins. Additionally, alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple protein isoforms by including or excluding certain exons. Finally, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or glycosylation, further enhance this diversity by altering the protein's structure and function after it has been synthesized.
What are the advantages of using a mammalian protein expression system for producing recombinant proteins?
Using a mammalian protein expression system for producing recombinant proteins offers advantages such as proper protein folding, post-translational modifications, and compatibility with human proteins, leading to higher quality and more biologically active proteins.
Post translational modification occurs in which cell organelle?
Post-translational modifications occur in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, as well as in other cellular compartments. These modifications can include phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and more, which help to regulate protein function and localization within the cell.
Which structure is the site of synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cells?
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary site for the synthesis of proteins that are destined to be exported from the cell. Proteins synthesized in the ER undergo post-translational modifications and are then transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing before being exported out of the cell.
