One atom is needed to full the outer shell of a hydrogen atom, this is bacuse in GCSE terms electrom structure goes 2,8,8,2 and hydrogen only has one shell, so it would need 2 to complete this shell. This is the same for A-level however we refer to electron structure in spd, the electron structure of hydrogen then would be 1s1.
An oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outermost energy level. When it shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms to form a water molecule, oxygen will share 2 of its electrons with each hydrogen atom, allowing each hydrogen to complete its outermost energy level with 2 electrons. This results in oxygen having a full outermost energy level with 8 electrons.
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons. Let's take hydrogen for example. To be the most "happy" atoms want their outermost orbital full of electrons. Hydrogen has only one electron in its 1s orbital, but the 1s orbital can hold two electrons. Hydrogen wants two electrons to be "happy" so it will do what it takes to get them. If a hydrogen atom bumps into another hydrogen atom they can both become "happy" as each atom will share its electron with the other atom, giving each a full outermost orbital with the help of the other atom's electron. This is what creates the bond in covalent bond as the hydrogen atoms are "happier" together with a full orbital than they would be with a half-full orbital apart.
Argon has 18 electrons distributed as follows: 2 in the first energy level, 8 in the second energy level, and 8 in the third energy level. This electron distribution gives argon a full outermost shell, making it stable and unreactive.
All of the Noble Gases, which are on the right side of the periodic table, have a full outer energy level. The elements that are Noble Gases are the following: Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon Ununoctium
The maximum number of electrons that can occupy the outermost energy level of an atom is 8. This rule is based on the octet rule, which states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons, making them more stable.
Carbon can bond with up to four hydrogen atoms to obtain a full outer energy level. This results in the formation of methane (CH4), where each hydrogen atom shares a single bond with the carbon atom.
Most atoms are stable when they have a full outer energy level, which typically consists of 8 electrons. This is known as the octet rule. However, some smaller atoms, such as hydrogen and helium, are stable with only 2 electrons in their outer energy level.
Hydrogen is the only element in the first period to not have a full outer energy level.
They can either gain, share, or lose electrons to have a full energy level
Atoms will form chemical bonds with other atoms in order to achieve a full outer energy level, called an octet because it usually means 8 electrons. However, hydrogen undergoes chemical bonding in order to achieve a full outer energy level of 2 electrons because it only contains the first energy level, which can take a maximum of 2 electrons.
There are 6 electrons in the outermost energy level of an oxygen atom. In a water molecule, oxygen shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms to form covalent bonds, achieving a full outer shell with 8 electrons (octet rule). Oxygen shares one electron with each hydrogen atom to complete its outer shell.
Atoms are stable when their outer energy level is full, which typically means having 8 electrons for most elements (except hydrogen and helium which only need 2). This full outer shell configuration is known as the octet rule, which helps atoms achieve a more stable electron configuration similar to the noble gases.
they need to either gain or lose electrons to create an octet. It depends on the atom. an octet is when an atom has a full outermost energy level
It's possible to force them to bond, but they would not do so naturally.
An oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outermost energy level. When it shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms to form a water molecule, oxygen will share 2 of its electrons with each hydrogen atom, allowing each hydrogen to complete its outermost energy level with 2 electrons. This results in oxygen having a full outermost energy level with 8 electrons.
Atoms with fewer than 8 valence electrons can fill their outermost energy level by forming chemical bonds with other atoms. For example, magnesium can lose 2 electrons to achieve a full outer energy level, becoming a +2 cation. Conversely, sulfur can gain 2 electrons to fill its outer energy level, becoming a -2 anion. Both processes result in stable, filled outer energy levels for the atoms involved.
Helium atoms only need 2 valence electrons to have a filled outermost energy level because helium is in the first period of the periodic table and its outermost energy level can only hold a maximum of 2 electrons.