¨ Five types
¤ Flavoproteins e.g NAD+/NADH
¤ Cytochromes e.g heme in hemoglobin
¤ Copper atoms Cu2+/Cu1+ in inner mitochondrial membrane
¤ Ubiquinone or coenzyme Q
¤ Iron-sulfur proteins Fe3+/Fe2+
There are a few energy carrier produced during Glycolysis but NADH and ATP are most produced.
High-energy electrons are unstable and reactive, so they need carrier molecules to transport them safely without causing damage to the cell. Carrier molecules such as NADH and FADH2 can carry high-energy electrons during cellular respiration, allowing them to participate in energy-producing reactions without causing harm.
Current is associated with the kinetic energy of electricity. It is the flow of electric charge carriers, such as electrons, through a conductor. As the current flows, it carries energy that can be used to do work.
Electrons lose energy when they pass through a resistor due to collisions with the atoms in the resistor material. This loss of energy manifests as heat. The speed of electrons may decrease as a result of this energy loss.
Electrons are transferred and energy is released during chemical reactions, such as in redox reactions where one species loses electrons (oxidation) and another gains electrons (reduction). This transfer of electrons leads to the formation of new chemical bonds and the release of energy in the form of heat or light.
nadh!
NADH and ATP
High-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are ultimately transferred to oxygen molecules during oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
Electron carriers and energy carriers are related but not the same. Electron carriers (such as NADH and FADH2) transfer electrons in biochemical reactions, while energy carriers (such as ATP) store and transfer energy for cellular processes. Electrons are involved in the flow of energy within cells, but energy carriers can involve other forms of energy besides electrons.
Electrons transfer energy from glucose to other molecules during redox reactions in cells.
During glycolysis, no molecules of water are directly produced. However, two molecules of water are consumed in the process when glucose is converted into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Overall, glycolysis primarily generates energy carriers, such as ATP and NADH, rather than water.
The origin of H+ and electrons transferred to NAD+ during cellular respiration is from the breakdown of glucose in the process of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. These processes generate high-energy electrons that are carried by electron carriers like NADH to the electron transport chain, where they are used to create a proton gradient for ATP production.
The conversion of PGAL to pyruvate is accompanied by the production of ATP molecules and the transfer of high-energy electrons to the electron carriers NAD+ and FADH2. This process occurs during glycolysis, a series of enzymatic reactions that breaks down glucose to produce energy for the cell.
Electron carriers, such as NADP+ and ferredoxin, play a crucial role in photosynthesis by shuttling high-energy electrons during the light-dependent reactions. These carriers help to transfer electrons from water to generate ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the Calvin cycle to produce sugars. Overall, electron carriers facilitate the conversion of light energy into chemical energy that is used to drive the synthesis of organic molecules in plants.
to accept high energy electrons
Most energy that enters the electron transport chain comes from the oxidation of glucose during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. This energy is then transferred to the electron carriers NADH and FADH2, which deliver the electrons to the electron transport chain to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Initially, the energy to break down glucose during glycolysis is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. This reaction releases energy that drives the early steps of glycolysis.