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The fall of European communism in the late 20th century was primarily caused by a combination of economic stagnation, political repression, and the rise of nationalist movements. The inefficiencies of centrally planned economies led to widespread dissatisfaction among citizens. Additionally, the influence of reformist leaders like Mikhail Gorbachev, who introduced policies of glasnost and perestroika, encouraged greater openness and reform, ultimately weakening the communist grip on power. The collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 symbolized the rapid decline of communist regimes across Eastern Europe.

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