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In some cases, such as the writings of Voltaire, Islam was portrayed no differently from Christianity in its ability to stifle free expression and rationalism. Voltaire considered Islam an oppressive religion spread by conquest as opposed to Christianity which Voltaire considered an oppressive religion spread by fear.

There were other Enlightenment writers who used Islam as a mythical "better state" as a counterpoint to the stifling culture in Europe. It painted Muslims as creating perfectly free and open societies where people of different religions and ideologies lived openly and in harmony as opposed to Europe where Christianity repressed all of those who disagreed with it.

In both cases, these writers knew little about Islam and were not discussing it with the intent of actually analyzing Islamic culture or values. They were using Islam to prove their points about the failing of Western culture in their eyes. Their evaluations of Judaism and Christianity were actually based on the merits or failings of those two faiths as manifest in their believers.

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