Hi... This is sri aarthi...doing final year MSW...Here answer for your question...
Planning Machinery at the State Level
State Plans account for substantial part of the total outlay of the Government
under the Five Year Plans. These plans relate to important development
functions in the field of agriculture, cooperation, irrigation, power, road
transport, education, social services, etc. In the fields which come closer to
the welfare measures, fulfillment of important national goals depends
directly to the successful implementation of the State Plans. For these
reasons, a great deal of value both in Planning and implementation is
attached to the State Plans. It has already been mentioned that the national
plan is formulated in close cooperation and consultation with the State
Governments. The final plan incorporates the State Plans also. Since the
State Plans have to be incorporated in the National Plan the need for
effective planning machinery at the State level has been felt for the long time.
No much information is available about the details of the States Planning
Machinery in the textbooks as well as in the National Plan Documents.
However, we will study here some of the efforts that have been made in
strengthening the planning machinery at the state level.
A. Efforts of Government of India
From the very beginning the government of India has been exhorting
the State Governments to set up adequate planning machinery at the
State level. Since no response was coming from the State
Governments, the Government of India collected whatever
information was available in the State planning machinery in 1972
and accumulated certain guidelines for strengthening it. They found
that the existing planning organization available with the State
Governments is unable to fulfill the various tasks connected with the
formulation of the Fifth Five Year Plan which was in the process at
that time. In a significant communication addressed to all the State
Governments in May 1972, the Planning Commission stressed the need to set up a two level organization for formulating State Plans and
watching their implementation. A description of these two levels is
given below:
a) Apex level
The essential features of the organization at the Apex level as
suggested by the Government of India were:
i) The Apex Body at the State level should be set up under
the Chairmanship of the Chief Minster. The Finance
Minister and a couple of other important Ministers
should also be made members. This would ensure that
the decisions arrived at by the Central Commission will
command the respect of the plan as well as its
implementation. However, the number of Ministers
should not be too large, otherwise the planning body
would be overshadowed by the Government
functionaries and lose its expert character.
ii) Apart from the few ministers mentioned above, the Apex
body should have a few respected professional experts, in
important fields like commerce and industry, agriculture,
economics, public finance, administration etc.
iii) The work of the Apex body should be supported by
steering groups consisting of technical experts preferably
from outside the Government in the fields of agriculture,
industry, irrigation and power, social service, transport,
manpower and employment and other important
functional fields.
iv) Since the Chief Minister is a very busy person who would
not be able to attend all the meetings of the State
Planning Board nor would he be able to associate with its
day to day working, the Board should, therefore, have a
full time non-official Deputy Chairman. The Deputy
Chairman can operate through the State Planning
Department which should provide the security to the Apex Planning Body. The department can maintain a
liaison with the Planning Board on the one had and
Ministries/Departments of the Government on the other.
Being a non-official, the Deputy Chairman may also keep
contact with other shades of public opinion like the
legislators, opposition parties and other interested groups
like Chambers of Commerce and Industry, Farmers
Forums, Labour Organizations, etc. The Deputy
Chairman has to function as the de facto Chairman of the
Planning Board and has to provide the necessary
guidance and leadership to it. He should be the moving
spirit behind it. The Deputy Chairman should, therefore,
be a person of high eminence in public affairs, if possible,
with some previous experience or association in the
planning process at the State or the National level.
b) Supporting Services
The present organization of the Planning Department consists
of only the usual compliment of officers like the Secretary,
Deputy Secretary, Under Secretary etc. They do not have any
particular expertise - in any field. The Planning Department, as
it is constituted, would, therefore not be in the position to
provide effective Secretariat to the Apex Planning Board. For
enabling the Planning Department to adequately discharge their
secretarial functions for the apex Planning Boards, their
strength should be suitably augmented with experts drawn from
various disciplines. These experts will also have to be
functionally reorganized into different units. It was suggested
that the secretariat should have at least the following important
units:
(i) Perspective Planning Unit
The main function of this unit will be to prepare and
update the resources inventories and prepare the long term perspective plans. For this purpose, the unit will
have to take the assistance of the existing statistical
organizations. The main organization at the State level is
the Directorate of Economic and Statistics. Besides a lot
of information has to be gathered from other Government
Departments like Agriculture, Directorate of Manpower
planning, Irrigation, Commissioner Land Records etc.
who are maintaining their own statistics. The perspective
planning unit will have to develop their own detailed
guidelines as to the form in which the data has to be
complied on a continuous basis. Naturally, it will require
experts who can provide the guidelines for data
collection and analyze and interpret the data which
becomes available from so many sources.
(ii) Project Formulation Unit
This unit will have to assist various departments in the
preparation of the projects for investment. Most of the
departments in the State Governments do not have the
necessary expertise in project formulation. The collection
and presentation of data and projection of the anticipated
benefits over a period of time and analyzing it by the
appraisal techniques like cost benefit analysis or
calculation of internal rate of return etc. are still not very
well known to a number of departments in the States.
Often the State Governments are not unable to take
advantage of the national and the international finances
because of their inability to properly prepare project
reports. In any case, the formulation and implementation
of State Plan is almost impossible without a properly
staffed project formulation and appraisal unit.
(iii) Regional/District Planning Units
the planning process in the country. The successive Five
Year Plans have been emphasizing the need for initiating
district level and block level planning. At the moment,
the districts and the blocks do not have any worthwhile
planning machinery. However, the block and districts
plans will have to be incorporated in the State plans just
as the State Plans were incorporated in the National Plans.
But before this can be done, the district and the block
plans will have to be prepared in a proper format. Even
when proper district/block planning units are set up, they
will need proper guidance to prepare their plans in a form
which can be incorporated in the State Plans. This
function will have to be performed by the
regional/district planning unit, recommended to be set up
in the secretariat of the planning department at the State
level. The unit will require experts with experience in
district/block planning.
(iv) The Plan Coordination Unit
The function of this unit would be:
a) to assess the existing /anticipated level of
development;
b) to determine inter se priorities within the integrated
strategy for the next five years or one year depending
upon whether a five year plan or annual plan is being
considered;
c) to ascertain the availability of manpower and material
resources and synthesis spatial and sectoral plans into
a balanced and operational plan.
(v) Monitoring and Evaluation Unit
The weakest link in Indian Planning is the monitoring
and evaluation. Any plan encounters a number of
problems when it is put into execution. The progress of the plan is to be assessed from time to time mainly for
two reasons:
a) to find out whether the plan is progressing according
to the anticipation of the planners. Any slackness on
the part of any individual or the organization has to be
set right.
b) Any bottlenecks have to be identified so that
corrective action can be devised while the plan is still
in operation.
To achieve this objective it is necessary to collect
information on the various parameters which indicate the
progress of the plan. The purpose of the unit is to design
such information systems which will enable it to exercise
the necessary supervision over the implementation
process. This unit is also expected to pursue the various
departments and ministries to send the progress reports
according to the system designed by it.
The evaluation is a much more complicated process
which is meant to judge the impact of the particular
programme on the socio-economic system of the State. It
will require the help of experts who can devise the
evaluation systems and conduct the field operation to
access the impact of the programmes. The monitoring
and evaluation unit is, therefore, a very important part of
the planning machinery which provides it with the
necessary feed-back to assess the progress of the
implementation of the plan and its impact after such
implementation.
(vi) Manpower and Employment Unit
Due to the growing populations, the country is facing a
lot of problems in providing employment in urban as well
as in the rural areas. It is therefore, necessary to have a very strong component about employment programmes
in the Five Year Plans. To assess the extent of
unemployment and to devise suitable employment
programmes it is necessary to have a Manpower and
Employment Unit at the State level. The functions of this
unit would be:
a) To collect available information and analyze it with a
view to present the current situation and trends with
regard to the demand, supply and utilization of
different cadres of employees.
b) To identify gaps in the information system and devise
procedures for the improvement of the information
system with regard to the manpower.
c) To initiate studies and surveys in collaboration with
the concerned departments, universities and research
institutions.
d) To judge requirements of different categories of
manpower so that proper programmes can be
formulated for matching the manpower with their
requirements.
e) To ensure that the programmes for sectoral and spatial
development are drawn up keeping in view the
problems, objectives and policies with regard to the
augmentation and diversification of employment
opportunities.
B) Financial Assistance
The Governments
The Government of India felt that most of the State Governments do
not realize the importance of setting up of planning machinery.
Moreover, a suitable strengthening of the planning machinery at the
State level will definitely require a good deal of expenditure. While
such an expenditure is not much compared to the advantages which
would accrue in proper formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the plans. Since the State Governments were not
listening to the exhortations of the Government of India, the latter
came forward with a scheme to provide financial assistance for setting
up suitable planning machinery at the State level. While the
Government of India gave detailed guidelines to the State
Governments for setting up such a machinery, a great deal of
flexibility was permitted to the States to adopt the general pattern to
their conditions. The Government of India also agreed to finance the
State Governments to the extent of two-thirds of additional
expenditure incurred in the strengthening of the State Planning
Machinery. This was done with a view to provide a financial
inducement to the State Governments to adopt the recommended
pattern which in any case will be found by them to be useful in plan
formulation and implementation. It was expected that the State
Government would latter themselves like to continue this arrangement.
C) The Progress
In spite of the efforts of the Government of India, the progress of
strengthening the planning Machinery at the State level has not been
very satisfactory. Detailed information on this aspect is not available
in any books on Public Administration or in any Government
Publication. The available information is analyzed below:
(i) Setting up of the Board
Almost all the State Governments have set up State Planning
Boards. The position of the Board and its effectiveness in the
planning process varies from State to State. The Boards of
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal etc.
are said to be functioning rather effectively. The others are not
so effective.
(ii) Chairman
In most of the States, the Chief Minister is the Chairman of the State Planning Board.
(iii) Deputy Chairman
In Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Rajasthan and Uttar
Pradesh, Minister of Planning is either Vice-Chairman or
Deputy Chairman. In Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Tripura,
Mehalaya, usually, an MLA is nominated as full time Deputy
Chairman with the Status of a Minister. In other States, either
some officer or a prominent non-official is made the Deputy
Chairman.
(iv) Members
The number of members on the Planning Board varies very
widely from State to State. For example, there are only two
members in the Planning Boards of Assam whereas Uttar
Pradesh Planning Board has as many as 24 members. Very few
Boards have full time members. Most of the members are
therefore working part time.
(v) Secretary
The usual pattern is that the Secretary of the Planning
Department of the State acts also as the Secretary of the
Planning Board. In some cases, e.g. Kerala and Tamil Nadu,
there is a whole time Member-Secretary. In some States, Joint
Secretary, Special Secretary or Deputy Secretary Planning is
made the Secretary of the Planning Board.
Essentially anyone can violate Human Rights, from a personal level to a massive or collective level, be it unjustly imprisoning someone or impeding their rights to live.
Essentially anyone can violate Human Rights, from a personal level to a massive or collective level, be it unjustly imprisoning someone or impeding their rights to live.
Human Resource Planning may be reagrded as the ongoing systematic process planning to acheive the optimum use of an orgnization's most valuable asset.It ensures the best fit between employees and jobs, while avoiding manpower shortages or surpluses.The process of Human Resource Planning is carried on various levels for the purpose of its own by various institutions. There are several levels of human resource planning in an industrial enterprises including:-National Level-Sectoral Level-Industry Level-Unit level-Departmental Level-Job level
The Present State of Recession in It Industry - as Human Resource Manager How Are You Going to Undertake Human Resource Planning at Macro Level to Tide over This Crisis?
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At the macro level, human resources focuses on the overall mission and values of the organization. HR ensures that policies and procedures are carried out.
Grassroots level planning may be defined as the form of planning lower institutional levels.
On a national level, your rights are the same as any other human being. You have the human rights that are provided to you through the constitution.. freedom of speech, religion, etc. Your student rights depend on a) your school and b) your state. If you're interested in finding out what they are exactly, try your state's website or your school counselor. Hope that helps!
State sovereignty may be an obstacle to human rights when such rights are enacted at a supra-national level and implementation or defense of these rights requires sovereign states to enforce them. This creates a principal agent problem, where the interests of the state and the supra-national agency (e.g.) the United Nations) diverge, and the state disregards the agency because it profits off that choice. However, state sovereignty may support human rights when human rights are enacted and enforced by the state itself (which occurs frequently in advanced, Western democracies).
Career planning generally outlines the process that allows an employee to move from one stage to another. In Human Resource management it involves assisting employees who may be groomed to higher level positions within the organization based on their performance.
importance of micro planning
Strategic planning is conducted at various organizational levels—corporate, business, and functional—each with a distinct focus. At the corporate level, the emphasis is on overarching goals and resource allocation across the entire organization. Business-level planning concentrates on competitive positioning and market strategies for specific product lines or segments. Functional-level planning involves detailed operational plans that support the broader strategies, ensuring alignment across departments such as marketing, finance, and human resources.