Neuroscience

umm wouldn't it decrease sine ephedra is simliar to norephedrine and epinephrine, thus supressing them naturally and dopamine is precurser to those two hormones so if ephedra supresses those two it should supress dopamine too

In the external granular layer of the neocortex, you can find small pyramidal neurons and granule cells. In the external pyramidal layer, you will find predominantly small and medium pyramidal neurons.

They are present in all six layers of cortex (except layer 1). Whenever Pyramidal neurons (another type of neurons that are also found in cortical layers) are over-excited, cells of Martinotti will send inhibitory signals to surrounding neurons. Simply, they are involved in "cortical dampening mechanism".

It is formed of transverse decussating fibres of both sides that are derived from posterior commsiural nucleus, interstitial nucleus of Cajal and Darkschewitsch nucleus.

The habenular nucleus is involved in the regulation of various behaviors, including mood, reward processing, and stress responses. It also plays a role in functions such as sleep-wake cycles, learning, and memory. Dysfunction of the habenular nucleus has been implicated in conditions such as depression and addiction.

The supracallosal gyrus is located above the corpus callosum and is involved in cognitive and motor functions. The indusium griseum is a thin layer of gray matter that covers the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and is involved in spatial memory and emotional processing.

The stria terminalis is involved in the stress response, emotion regulation, and fear processing in the brain. It plays a role in connecting regions involved in the stress response and integrating emotional and cognitive information.

Basal ganglia is made up of several structures including the striatum (composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus (divided into internal and external segments), subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. These structures work together to regulate movement, reward, and various cognitive functions.

The retrolentiform part of the internal capsule is situated posterior to the lentiform nucleus while the sublentiform part lies below it. These regions serve as pathways for motor and sensory fibers traveling between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem.

• short anterior limb
• long posterior limb
• genu (apex)
• retrolentiform part
• sublentiform part

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes changes in the brain's nerve cells and chemicals, leading to symptoms like memory loss, personality changes, and eventual complete dependency on others for care.

to connect superior colliculus, pretectal nucleus and medial longitudinal bundle (MLB) of both sides of the midbrain together - these structures are involved in the bilateral pupillary light reflex.

The middle cerebellar peduncle is the thickest of the three cerebellar peduncles. It is the largest and most prominent of the three, connecting the cerebellum to the brainstem and allowing for communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain.

The three outer layers of the grey matter of the cerebellum are the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer, and the granular layer. These layers contain different types of cells that play important roles in processing and coordinating motor movements.

• in the medial 1/5 = medial corticobulbar + forntopontine fibres
• in the intermediate 3/5 = cortiocspinal fibres
• in the lateral 1/5 = temporo-pontine + lateral corticobulbar fibres

1. nucleus of oculomotor nerve
2. nucleus of troclear nerve
3. red nucleus = an important extrapyramidal centre
4. mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
5. inferior colliculus
6. superior colliculus
7. pretectal nucleus = for light and consensual reflexes
8. substantia nigra