Neuroscience

The two nuclei of the Facial nerve in the pons are the motor nucleus (located in the lower pons) which controls the muscles of facial expression, and the superior salivatory nucleus (located in the upper pons) which regulates salivary gland secretions.

After depolarization, the neuron undergoes repolarization, during which the cell's membrane potential returns to resting state. This is followed by hyperpolarization, where the membrane potential briefly becomes more negative than the resting state, before returning to its baseline. Finally, the neuron enters a refractory period, during which it is temporarily unable to generate another action potential.

They both carry proprioceptive and fine touch sensations. But, gracile tract carries sensations from lower halfof our body. On the other hand, cuneate tract carries sensations from upper half of our body.

to convey impulses of equilibrium to anterior horn cells of spinal cord

When neurons fire and transmit messages, they generate electrical signals known as action potentials that travel along their length. These action potentials trigger the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse, allowing communication with other neurons or target cells. This process underlies the function of the nervous system and is essential for various physiological processes such as sensation, movement, and cognition.

reaches a certain threshold level of depolarization, typically around -55 mV. This threshold is reached when excitatory signals outweigh inhibitory signals received by the neuron. Once the threshold is reached, voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing a rapid influx of sodium ions and causing depolarization of the cell membrane, leading to an action potential.

The stimulation of dopamine production in the brain, or the imitation of its action, is one of the primary ways that drugs and addictive activities please us. Likewise, a shortage of dopamine is one of the causes of withdrawal.

However, it would be more correct to say that we become addicted to the things that stimulate it, since dopamine itself is a normal part of our brain chemistry.

To put it simply, yes. But technically, no. Say you're taking crack. Whenever you take it, you get a rush of domapine and other effects (reduced pain, lightheadedness). The dopamine level is so high that the body raises it's "expected level" of dopamine, so not taking crack makes you depressed, and causes the opposite of the other effects (body pain, headaches). In a way, this causes the addiction. If you were to take actual, synthetic dopamine, and take it often, you couldn't actually get addicted to it, but you would be depressed without it.

Oral mandibular dystonia can sometimes be associated with Arnold Chiari malformation due to compression of the brainstem. Inheritance of Arnold Chiari malformation is rare and more commonly occurs sporadically, but genetic factors can play a role in some cases. It is possible for your daughter to inherit a genetic predisposition to Arnold Chiari malformation from her father, although the specific genetic mechanisms are not well understood. A detailed evaluation by a healthcare professional is recommended to explore these possibilities further.

It is recommended for a person who has had a grand mal seizure to refrain from activities such as driving or operating heavy machinery until they have been given approval by a healthcare provider. Depending on the individual's situation, they may be able to return to work after recovering, but it is important for them to follow up with their healthcare provider for guidance and monitoring.

Rare lymphocytes can be caused by various factors such as viral infections, certain medications, autoimmune diseases, and genetic disorders. Additionally, conditions like leukemia and lymphoma can also lead to a decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the body.

Neurology is study of the nervous system. A specialist in neurology is a neurologist. Neuroscience is another term. Neurophysiology is the study of the brain and nervous system (CNS & PNS) and the way that they work as well as how the individual parts relate in a physical manner.
neurology

Yes, playing guitar can release endorphins, which are chemicals in the brain that act as natural painkillers and produce feelings of pleasure and happiness. The act of playing music, particularly when it is enjoyable and rewarding, can stimulate the release of endorphins and contribute to a sense of well-being.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is most commonly associated with antipsychotic medications, particularly typical or first-generation antipsychotics like haloperidol and fluphenazine. However, atypical or second-generation antipsychotics such as risperidone and olanzapine can also rarely cause NMS. Other medications like antiemetics and lithium have also been reported to induce NMS in some cases.

When 5-HTP increases serotonin levels in the brain, it may indirectly influence dopamine levels as well. Serotonin and dopamine are interrelated neurotransmitters, with some studies suggesting that alterations in one can affect the other. However, the precise relationship between 5-HTP, serotonin, and dopamine is complex and not fully understood.

Idiopathic neuropathy is a condition in which nerve damage or dysfunction occurs without a known underlying cause. Symptoms may include numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the affected areas. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and nerve tests.

You can download biology animations from online platforms such as BioDigital or Biology Animation Library. These websites offer a variety of interactive animations for educational purposes. Additionally, many educational institutions and publishers also provide downloadable animations as part of their learning resources.

Parkinson's disease is the result of degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. This leads to symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia due to the lack of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in controlling movement. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and may include medications that increase dopamine levels in the brain.

It is subjective to determine the "best" neurologist in Kolkata as it depends on individual preferences and needs. However, some renowned neurologists in Kolkata include Dr. Shyamal Kumar Banerjee, Dr. Prithika Chary, and Dr. Debasish Bandyopadhyay, among others. It is advisable to research and read reviews to find a neurologist that suits your specific requirements.

When mammals have seizures (of the grand mal type), they generally lose muscle control, causing them to lose balance and fall. Their muscles rapidly contract and relax, causing their limbs to straighten and spasm. Sometimes, but not always, they will also lose control of the bladder or bowels and will urinate or defecate as well.

After the seizure is over (the postictal stage), there is generally a return to normalcy, with some confusion or reorientation, and then they continue about their business.

The falling phase, or repolarization, of an action potential involves the rapid efflux of potassium ions out of the cell, causing the membrane potential to return to its resting state. This phase allows the cell to restore its internal balance of ions and prepare for the next action potential.

86 if u include glossary and index ( 75 without)

The cell membrane is semi-permeable so that charged ions can not diffuse down or up a concentration cell into or out of the cell. There are cell bound proteins that transport charged ions like K+, Na+ and Ca2+ across the cell membrane and the net effect is that the cell is negatively charged ( about -70 mV) with respect to the extracellular space.

Dopamine is primarily secreted by nerve cells in the brain, specifically by cells in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. It plays a role in various brain functions such as regulating mood, motivation, and movement.

In most animals, axons and dendrites are clustered into bundles of fibers called nerves or nerve fibers. These fibers are responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body, allowing for communication between different parts of the nervous system.