Photosynthesis

Photosystems are structures found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll and other accessory pigments. They play a key role in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis by capturing and converting light energy into chemical energy. These energy-capturing complexes are essential for the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle to produce organic molecules.

During photosynthesis plants transform light energy from the sun to chemical energy.

If plants get too much carbon dioxide thet will produce more oxygen which takes more energy and will cause them to need even more water sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce their energy

As for humans the pollution will be too much for us to get healthy and clean air

During the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle, glucose is synthesized from carbon dioxide using ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. This process occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts.

Both NAD+ and NADP+ are coenzymes involved in redox reactions in cells. They both act as electron carriers, accepting and donating electrons during metabolic processes. NAD+ is primarily involved in catabolic reactions, while NADP+ is involved in anabolic reactions.

Leaves are specialized for photosynthesis with their large surface area containing chloroplasts that are responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it to energy. They also have structures like stomata for gas exchange and a network of veins for transporting water and nutrients. Additionally, the thin, flat shape of leaves helps maximize sunlight absorption.

The main source of energy for photosynthesis is sunlight. Plants and other autotrophs use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.

autotrophs

Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen. This process is primarily carried out by certain bacteria, such as green sulfur bacteria and purple bacteria, which do not use water as an electron donor and therefore do not release oxygen as a byproduct. Instead, they use alternative electron donors in their photosynthetic reactions.

Photosynthesis is primarily controlled by environmental factors such as light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature. Enzymes and proteins within plant cells also play a crucial role in regulating the process of photosynthesis. Additionally, genetic factors can influence the efficiency and speed of photosynthesis in plants.

You can consume food rich in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to get energy. Carbohydrates provide a quick source of energy, fats provide sustained energy, and proteins help with body function and repair. It is also important to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water to help with the absorption and utilization of nutrients for energy.

The efficiency of cellular respiration is typically around 38 ATP per glucose molecule. For a mutant organism producing only 29 ATP per glucose, the efficiency would be reduced by around 24%. This means it is less efficient at converting the energy in glucose into usable ATP molecules.

The consumption of oxygen does not occur during the Calvin cycle. This process involves carbon fixation, reduction of carbon compounds, and regeneration of RuBP. Oxygen is not directly involved in these steps.

The reactants that are involved in photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. These reactants mix to form food for the plant and oxygen for animals.

Plastocyanin is a copper-containing protein that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis by shuttling electrons between photosystem II and photosystem I in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. It helps in the transfer of electrons during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Because the main fuel of cellular respiration, glucose, ultimately is produced by plants that preform photosynthesis. Even carnivorous heterotrophs, metabolizing protein and lipids, must depend on herbivores eating the plants directly.

1. Water molecules are being struck by light in Photosystem 2 (PSI) (Also, the reason that 2 comes first is because that is the order in which they were discovered), therefore, the H+ ions are being separated from Oxygen atoms. The Oxygen atoms diffuse out of the thylakoid, out of the chloroplast, and eventually, out of the leaf [which is why we are dependent on plants because they give us O2 while we give them CO2 (Carbon Cycle).

2. The free electrons that were separated from the water molecule are 'bounced' to PS I. The H+ ions go to the lumen.

3. Light strikes PSI this time and powers the reaction for NADP+ + electrons + energy = NADPH. NADPH is one form of energy that powers the Calvin Cycle.

4. The H+ ions that were in the lumen travel to the ATP Synthase to help convert ADP to ATP. ATP is the other form of energy that powers the Calvin Cycle.

End Results:

- Oxygen is released as waste

- ATP and NADPH go on to the next step (Calvin Cycle)

*An analogy to help understand what NADPH and ATP are is like cell phones. When they don't have energy, they are dead, so then, they need to be charged again, and then they will have energy (energy carriers).

So, 5 easy steps to summarize

1. Solar energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in PS II.

2. The energy splits water to oxygen gas, hydrogen ions (H+) and free electrons.

3. Electrons travel to PS I which then converts NADP+ to NADPH.

4. The hydrogen ions move through the ATP Synthase.

5. ATP Synthase + H+ ions convert ADP to ATP.

Chloroplasts are the organelles that produce sugar through the process of photosynthesis in plants. They contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

Photosynthesis is carried out in the chloroplasts of plant cells. These organelles contain chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Photosynthesis is a process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy to produce glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. It is part of the continuous movement of energy and nutrients through ecosystems, as plants are the primary producers that support the entire food web. This process is crucial for the survival of many organisms and plays a key role in the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

People benefit from photosynthesis because it is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and produce oxygen as a byproduct. This oxygen is essential for humans to breathe, while the energy produced by photosynthesis is consumed by plants and passed on to animals that eat plants, forming the basis of the food chain.

They are called phytoplankton. These microscopic algae are crucial to the marine food web as they serve as the primary producers, converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.