Ptolemy

Ptolemy put the Earth at the center of his model of the universe , and said that the Sun , the moons , the planets ,the asteroids , comets , and meteors orbit the Earth and the Earth was the center of the universe.

Ptolemy was a Greco-Roman scholar from the 2nd century AD, known for his works in geography, astronomy, and mathematics, particularly his influential text "Geographia," which compiled and expanded upon earlier geographic knowledge. Al-Idrisi was a 12th-century Arab geographer and cartographer, renowned for creating the "Tabula Rogeriana," a detailed world map and geographic encyclopedia commissioned by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily. Both figures significantly contributed to the understanding of geography in their respective eras, with Ptolemy's work laying foundational concepts and al-Idrisi enhancing and expanding upon them with more accurate and comprehensive maps of the known world.

The Ptolemies, a Greek royal family, ruled Egypt following the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE. After Alexander's death, one of his generals, Ptolemy I Soter, established the Ptolemaic dynasty and adopted many elements of Egyptian culture to legitimize his rule. They maintained power through a combination of military strength, administrative efficiency, and strategic marriages, while also promoting themselves as the protectors of Egyptian traditions. This blend of Greek and Egyptian influences helped them gain acceptance among the local population.

Ptolemy XIII, who was Cleopatra's brother and husband, was approximately 10 years old when they were married. Cleopatra, born in 69 BCE, was around 18 years old at the time of their marriage in 51 BCE. This political union was part of the Ptolemaic practice of sibling marriage to consolidate power and maintain the royal lineage.

geocentric

Ptolemy of Alexandria, a prominent Greek astronomer and mathematician, is best known for his work in developing the geocentric model of the universe, which posited that the Earth is at the center of the cosmos. He also contributed to the field of geography by creating the "Geographia," a comprehensive compilation of maps and coordinates that influenced cartography for centuries. Additionally, Ptolemy made significant advancements in trigonometry and optics, laying foundational principles for future scientific inquiry.

During the Middle Ages, European scholars and intellectuals were most interested in the art work of Aristotle and Ptolemy. These ancient Greek philosophers' works greatly influenced the development of medieval thought in areas such as philosophy, science, and theology. They were particularly influential in shaping the scholastic tradition of the Middle Ages.

Ptolemy

One of Ptolemy's mistakes was his geocentric model of the universe, which proposed that the Earth was the center of the universe, with all other celestial bodies orbiting around it. This model was eventually proven incorrect with the development of heliocentric models proposed by astronomers like Copernicus and Galileo.

what evidence did ptolemy have for the solar system

The scientist that made highly accurate measurements that first disapproved the theories of Ptolmy and Copernicus was called Brahe.

Ptolemy thought the earth was the center of the universe, so that the stars, the other planets and the sun revolved around the earth; Copernicus realized that for the orbits of the planets to make sense, the earth and the other planets had to revolve around the sun.

Galileo was the first scientist to turn a telscope on the night sky and record his results. He had enough scientific training to understand the importance of what he saw.

Galileo's discovery of the four moons orbiting Jupiter opened up the question of whether everything must orbit round the Earth. Then his discovery of the full range of Venus's phases indicated a definite fault with the Ptolemaic system.

Galileo said that this must prove the correctness of the Copernican system. However the system that was eventually adopted was that of Kepler. It resembled the Copernican system with the Sun at the centre. Eventually Newton explained why the planets follow Kepler's laws through the operation of the force of gravity.

Huygens proposed as an explanation for Saturn's apparently unusual shape a thin, flat ring around the planet, which he later proved (though later observation would show he was not entirely correct about Saturn's 'ring'), along with discovering the moon Titan, using a telescope he designed. He also notably studied several nebulae, including the Orion nebula, which now retains a region named in his honour. He was also an early speculator on the existence of extraterrestrial life, writing a posthumously published work Cosmotheoros speculating on the conditions necessary for live to exist on a planet, focusing on ambient water and light. In honour of his substantial contributions to the world of science, including astronomy, several missions, mission vehicles, and astronomical objects are named after Huygens.

Ptolemy's view of the universe is that all celestial objects, including planets, stars, the Sun and the Moon orbit the Earth.