Active Directory

The former has fewer privileges and will probably require user intervention. Plus, it uses .zap files.

My advice would be to go to a professional....anyone can answer these questions and sometimes they may not work!

The most useful information that should be included in a job fair directory would be: 1. The name of the company. 2. The positions available. 3. Address and phone number. 4. Benefits offered.

Preparing Active Directory (One-Time)

Based on what I've seen so far, it appears as if a partial RFC 2307-compliant schema is included by default with Windows Server 2003 R2. This means that it is no longer necessary to extend the schema to include attributes such as uid, gid, login shell, etc. However, while the schema does appear to be present by default (based on explorations using ADSI Edit), you must install the “Server for NIS” component on at least one domain controller in order to be able to actually set those attributes (and it will be necessary to set those attributes using the Active Directory Users and Computers console before logins from Linux will work).

However, to optimize Active Directory logins from Linux systems, it's also necessary to index the uid attribute in Active Directory. By default, most PAM-enabled systems use the uid attribute as the default login attribute (refer to the “pam_login_attribute” parameter in the /etc/ldap.conf file). Logins will work without having this attribute indexed, but as was discovered in a recent VAS installation, this can introduce delays and drive CPU utilization through the roof. Use the Schema Management MMC snap-in to check the box labeled “Index this attribute in the Active Directory” for the uid attribute. (If you don't want to index the uid attribute, change the value of the pam_login_attribute to something like sAMAccountName, which is already indexed.)

Next, create a new global security group that will act as the default group for Linux-enabled users. Be sure to set the values on the “UNIX Attributes” tab for this group. Add the users that will authenticate to this group using both the “Members” tab and the members list on the “UNIX Attributes” tab.

Finally, you'll also need to create an account in Active Directory that will be used to bind to Active Directory for LDAP queries. This account does not need any special privileges; in fact, making the account a member of Domain Guests and not a member of Domain Users is perfectly fine.

Each of these tasks are one-time tasks that must be accomplished before logins from Linux will work. Once they have been completed, you are ready to configure the individual users.

Preparing Active Directory (Each User)

Each Active Directory account that will authenticate via Linux must be configured with a uid and other UNIX attributes. This is accomplished via the new “UNIX Attributes” tab on the properties dialog box of a user account. Installing the “Server for NIS” component enables this new tab, as mentioned previously.

Each user must be given an NIS domain, but this parameter is ignored in our authentication scheme. Each user must also have a unique uid; I believe that the Server for NIS defaults at a starting uid of 10000, which is pretty safe for most systems. In addition, each member must have a gid (group ID); simply specify the group that was created earlier. Be sure to also specify a login shell (such as “/bin/bash”) and a home directory (such as “/home/slowe”).

After all the user accounts have been configured, then we are ready to perform the additional tasks within Active Directory and on the Linux server that will enable the authentication.

Preparing Active Directory (Each Linux Server)

Here is where it starts getting tricky. So far, nothing we've done has been unusual or terribly difficult. Things will start getting a bit more complex now.

First off, you'll need to decide if you want to use TGT validation. I don't have the space here to fully describe this, but basically it's a check that the Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC-in this case, an Active Directory domain controller) is not being spoofed. It's an added level of security that ensures that all hosts involved are indeed who they say they are, which is one of the core principles of the Kerberos authentication system.

Without TGT Validation

If you don't care about TGT validation, then ignore this whole section and proceed to “Preparing Each Linux Server”, below. Once Linux is properly configured for Kerberos authentication and LDAP lookups, it can authenticate against Active Directory with no further action required. You'll note that this is in contrast to many of the instructions out there (including my original instructions), which state that you must perform additional steps. In my experience, the additional steps are only necessary if you want TGT validation, i.e., if you want the Linux server to verify the identity of the Active Directory domain controller handing out the Kerberos tickets. If you don't care about that, then you're ready to proceed with the next step.

With TGT Validation

For each Linux-based server that will be authenticating against Active Directory, follow the steps below.

1. Create a computer account in Active Directory. When creating the computer account, be sure to specify that this account may be used by a pre-Windows 2000-based computer.

2. Use the following command at a command prompt to configure the new computer account:

ktpass -princ HOST/fqdn@REALM -mapuser DOMAIN\name$

-crypto DES-CBC-MD5 +DesOnly -pass password -ptype KRB5_NT_SRV_HST

-out filename

Of course, you'll need to substitute the appropriate values for “fqdn” (the fully-qualified domain name of the computer), “REALM” (the DNS name of your Active Directory domain in UPPERCASE), “DOMAIN” (the NetBIOS name of your Active Directory domain), “name$” (the name of the computer account created, with a dollar sign appended at the end), “password” (the password that will be set for the new computer account), and “filename” (the keytab that will be generated and must be copied over to the Linux computer). Please note (and this is important) that the “HOST/fqdn@REALM” portion is case-sensitive and should be typed as shown above.#160; Of course, if you are repeating this process for multiple servers, please be sure to use a unique filename for each keytab generated using ktpass.exe. (I use each Linux server's hostname as the filename.)

If this computer account ever gets deleted from Active Directory, then Active Directory users will be unable to authenticate to Linux systems. You'll need to repeat the process-create a new computer account, run ktpass.exe, and copy the keytab over to the Linux server (as described below).

Preparing Each Linux Server

Follow the steps below to configure each Linux server for authentication against Active Directory.

1. Make sure that the appropriate Kerberos libraries, OpenLDAP, pam_krb5, and nss_ldap are installed. If they are not installed, install them.

2. Be sure that time is being properly synchronized between Active Directory and the Linux server in question. Kerberos requires time synchronization. Set up NTP if necessary.

3. Edit the krb5.conf file to look something like this, substituting your actual host names and domain names where appropriate:

[logging]

default = FILE:/var/log/krb5libs.log

kdc = FILE:/var/log/krb5kdc.log

admin_server = FILE:/var/log/kadmind.log

[libdefaults]

default_realm = EXAMPLE.COM

dns_lookup_realm = true

dns_lookup_kdc = true

#[realms]

# EXAMPLE.COM = {

# kdc = host.example.com:88

# admin_server = host.example.com:749

# default_domain = example.com

# }

[domain_realm]

.example.com = EXAMPLE.COM

example.com = EXAMPLE.COM

[kdc]

profile = /var/kerberos/krb5kdc/kdc.conf

[appdefaults]

pam = {

debug = false

ticket_lifetime = 36000

renew_lifetime = 36000

forwardable = true

krb4_convert = false

validate = true

}

Note that the line “validate =” should be set to true if you want TGT validation; otherwise, set it to false. Note also that we've commented out the [realms] section because we are using DNS to locate the KDCs (“dns_lookup_kdc = true”); this requires the presence of the appropriate SRV records in DNS. In a correctly-functioning Active Directory environment, these records will be present.

4. Edit the /etc/ldap.conf file to look something like this, substituting the appropriate host names, domain names, account names, and distinguished names (DNs) where appropriate.

host 10.10.10.10

base dc=example,dc=com

uri ldap://server.example.com/

binddn ldap@example.com

bindpw adldapbindpw

scope sub

ssl no

pam_filter objectClass=User

nss_base_passwd dc=example,dc=com?sub

nss_base_shadow dc=example,dc=com?sub

nss_base_group dc=example,dc=com?sub

nss_map_objectclass posixAccount user

nss_map_objectclass shadowAccount user

nss_map_objectclass posixGroup group

nss_map_attribute gecos name

nss_map_attribute homeDirectory unixHomeDirectory

nss_map_attribute uniqueMember member

5. Securely copy the file generated by the ktpass.exe command above to the Linux server. You can replace the existing /etc/krb5.keytab file if and only if you do not need any of the existing keys stored there. If you haven't put any keys in there, then you probably don't have any and don't need to worry about using ktutil to merge the new keys (from the file generated by ktpass.exe) with the existing keys. If, however, you do have existing keys you need to maintain, be sure to use ktutil to merge/append the new keys to the existing keytab.

6. Configure PAM (this varies according to Linux distributions) to use pam_krb5 for authentication. Many modern distributions use a stacking mechanism whereby one file can be modified and those changes will applied to all the various PAM-aware services. For example, in Red Hat-based distributions, the system-auth file is referenced by most other PAM-aware services. A sample system-auth file that would be found in /etc/pam.d might look something like this:

#%PAM-1.0

# This file is auto-generated.

# User changes will be destroyed the next time authconfig is run.

auth required /lib/security/$ISA/pam_env.so

auth sufficient /lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so likeauth nullok

auth sufficient /lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so

auth required /lib/security/$ISA/pam_deny.so

account sufficient /lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so

account required /lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so

account sufficient /lib/security/$ISA/pam_succeed_if.so uid < 100 quiet

account required /lib/security/$ISA/pam_deny.so

password requisite /lib/security/$ISA/pam_cracklib.so retry=3

password sufficient /lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so nullok \use_authtok md5 shadow

password required /lib/security/$ISA/pam_deny.so

session required /lib/security/$ISA/pam_limits.so

session required /lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so

(Lines have been wrapped above for readability, but should be typed all on a single line.) Of course, each distribution's PAM configuration may be different, so be sure to consult the documentation for your particular distribution. The sample above was taken from CentOS 4.3, with a few modifications. Remember that in Red Hat-based distributions, such as CentOS, running the authconfig program will overwrite all the changes to /etc/pam.d/system-auth, so be careful.

7. Edit the /etc/nsswitch.conf file to include “ldap” as a lookup source for passwd, shadow, and groups.

That should be it. Once you do that, you should be able to use kinit from a Linux shell prompt (for example, “kinit aduser”) and generate a valid Kerberos ticket for the specified Active Directory account.

At this point, any PAM-aware service that is configured to use the stacked system file (such as the system-auth configuration on Red Hat-based distributions) will use Active Directory for authentication. The SSH daemon is a good one to test. Note, however, that unless you also add the pam_mkhomedir.so module in the PAM configuration, home directories will have to be created manually (with the correct permissions and ownership set manually as well) for any Active Directory account that may log on to that server. (I generally recommend the use of pam_mkhomedir.so in this situation.)

Caveats/Limitations/Disclaimers

I haven't tested this configuration on every possible distribution of Linux. This configuration was tested on CentOS 4.3 running as a virtual machine under ESX Server 3.0, authenticating against a pair of domain controllers running Windows Server 2003 R2 (which were also VMs). It should work without major modifications on most other Linux distributions, and with modifications on various other Unix operating systems. (I plan to test OpenBSD 3.9 and possibly Solaris 10 x86 soon.)

Also, even though the “validate = true” setting in /etc/krb5.conf implies that the Kerberos TGT must be validated, pam_krb5 appears to bypass the TGT validation if the keytab is not present or not readable. This means that logins will succeed, even if the keytab is not present or not readable. If the computer account in Active Directory is missing, however, logins will fai

It is really hard, but you can find the exact kordinating system and the instructions on the blue pages on kap. 34 section 5 of how to use in the booklet which camed when you bought it.

EAP-MS-CHAPv2/PEAP-MS-CHAPv2

Tree

You must set a static IP.

DNS is Domain name system for short . Domain name system maps a name to an address. Protocol that relies upon DNS is TCP/IP .

tcpip protocol

aging and scavenging

To connect 2 or more machines:

A sends a broadcast packet, UDP (Broadcast) asking for other peers (Machines)

B Recieves and sends back a TCP packet (One destination) with information

A accepts connection and establishes it. Peer to peer is complete.

Torrent:

Person gets torrent from a tracker, torrent has URL's of trackers in it.

Client connects to tracker and retrieves an IP list of clients having the torrent on them (Thus calling to the same tracker and 'registering').

Client now has a list of other people. Peer to peer is complete.

NTDS.DIT database of AD

Phasor diagram is graphical representation of various electrical parameters in terms of their magnitude and angle.

SMTP

NETSTAT -a

It is required when adding the first domain controller in a forest

neon lights.

The manager is not only becoming more of a coach or facilitator but is also charged with developing the self-motivation of employees.

offline defragmentation

preautorization

they have 2 that i know. one.yogiverse.com and two.yogiverse.com but they are offline

The DS tools consist of the following commands

DSQUERY - search for active directory objects matching criteria

DSGET - retrieves selected attributes from active directory objects

DSMOD - modify attributes for one or more active directory objects

DSADD - create active directory objects

DSMOVE - move active directory objects

DSRM - removes/deletes active directory objects

When unsaved data is lost due to a power failure, there are few options for retrieving the data, and they are all highly advanced. Each involves a field of computing called FOREN, or computer forensics.

When anything is typed, copied, pasted, into a computer, it is all written to a series of 'slack space' on a computer. There are buffers that computers use to record what you type before it is actually processed or saved. If the lost data was the last thing you did, what you typed or cut may well still be in the keybaord buffers. These buffers are the target of keyloggers, for even if you are surfing a secure and encrypted sight, your keyboard buffer is plain text.

The problem with recovering your data is complicated if you turn the computer on after the power failure. Sometimes just booting up will erase whatever those buffers and slack space held. If you just lost something really important, you should NOT turn the computer back on.

Just as PC Crime Labs would do, you would need to unplug the computer immediately. remove the hard drive, and mount it in an external device. Crime labs would use 'Write Blockers' which is a device that prevents data from being written across it, to ensure the act of mounting the drive did not write any information to the drive, invalidating the evidence collected. The write blocker can also ensure you that a virus laden device can't infect your FOREN or PC repair computer.

Now that you have securely and safetly mounted the drive to your FOREN computer, you either need a very expensive Computer forensic toolkit, which automates many of the complex operations, and can scan the slack space on your old drive and show you what was saved there. Chances are good, the last thing you copied was written to one of those slack files, and though you have spent a prettty penny to obtain the tools, the average advanced PC user could navigate the tool set.

There are other tools that let you mount and examine this drive availablle for free, but the price you pay is that no one has laid out the steps into a tidy set of commands. You'll have to use your witts and figure it out by yourself. That being said, something like KNOPPIX, a Linux based distribution can actually boot most PCs from the CD-ROM drive. Once you have successfully booted to KNOPPIX, you could mount the drive in question and use whatever tools contained on the KNOPPIX distribution you have.

You can even learn how to customize your KNOPPIX Cd to include disk sector editors, for example (though I am not saying that disk sector editors for KNOPPIX exist, the ability to customize a KNOPPIX intallation does!)

In any case, the task of recovering unsaved data after a power loss is quite a challenge. Access Data's FOREN suite is quite comprehensive, but quite expensive. Free tools require lots of user knowledge.