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Australian Colonial Settlement
Arrival of the first fleet, establishment of the colonies, and the period up to Federation in 1901.
992 Questions
Australia's unique flora and fauna are largely due to its long period of geographical isolation. Over millions of years, Australia's distinct environment and climate have led to the evolution of many unique species. Additionally, Australia's history of changing climates and ecological conditions has further contributed to the development of its diverse and unusual biodiversity.
What happened in history on February 5?
Three significant events in Australian history for February 5 include:
1803: The early Australian sea-explorer, George Bass, disappeared. No trace of him was ever found.
1869: The world's largest recorded gold nugget to that date was found in Victoria, Australia.
1947: Australia's first cloud-seeding experiment resulting in artificially produced rain was carried out at Bathurst, New South Wales.
For more general world history events, see the related link.
What land did the dutch claim in Australia?
The Dutch made no formal claims in Australia. They named the western two-thirds of the continent New Holland, and named several places along the western and south-western coasts.
Why did the Maori trade things with the British?
The Maori traded with the British to obtain new goods such as weapons, tools, and textiles that they did not have access to in their own communities. In exchange, the British were seeking resources like flax, timber, and food supplies from the Maori. Trading served as a way for both parties to meet their own needs and benefit economically.
What were William Wentworth's beliefs?
Wentworth was the son of a doctor and a convict woman. He started as a young radical, wanting an independent Australia and social equality. As he grew older, became more prosperous and got land, he became conservative, supported the squatters and even strove for a colonial aristocracy with hereditary lordships and knighthoods. A radical change indeed. Biographical Background: William Charles Wentworth was born on 26 July 1790 on the 'Surprize', a ship transporting convicts to Australia. As a "Currency Lad", one of the first children born into the colony of New South Wales, he enjoyed his status as different from the "English ascendancy," and was an outspoken nationalist, determined to gain civil rights for those who, like himself, were very much in the minority. He was an advocate of Australia becoming self-governing.
Wentworth, along with William Lawson and Gregory Blaxland, was the first European to cross the Blue Mountains which, for twenty-five years, had prevented the expansion of the colony at Sydney Cove. Many others had tried to find a way through, but been turned back by dead-end ravines and vast expanses of impassable rocky cliffs. Discovering a way through the Blue Mountains opened up the huge interior of Australia for settlement and further exploration.
Wentworth was the only one of the three explorers to make a significant name for himself in the new colony. He commenced 'The Australian' newspaper in 1854 and founded the University of Sydney in 1852.
What punishment on the first fleet?
The convicts of the First Fleet were most commonly punished by being placed on reduced rations, meaning they were given less food, or certain privileges such as tobacco, tea or sugar were withdrawn.
The Cat o' nine tails was a particularly vicious type of punishment. This was a whip with nine cords of leather, each of which had a metal triangle embedded in the end. A convict was given between 10 and 50 lashes (in some case more), and within just a few lashes, the flesh would be ripped out, sometimes to the point where the bone was exposed.
What punishments did convicts face?
Convicts could face punishments such as flogging, solitary confinement, hard labor, and death penalty depending on the severity of their crime. These punishments were meant to serve as deterrents and to maintain discipline within the penal system.
What was the daily routine of John Hudson convict first fleet?
As a convict on the First Fleet, John Hudson would have likely been given tasks such as clearing land, building shelters, and farming. His daily routine would have been centered around hard labor, basic meals, and limited freedom of movement under strict supervision by guards. Life would have been challenging and focused on survival in the harsh conditions of the new colony.
Fred Fleet was a British sailor who survived the sinking of the Titanic. He was not guilty of any wrongdoing in relation to the sinking of the ship. Fleet was one of the lookouts on duty at the time of the collision with the iceberg and was responsible for alerting the crew.
How children were treated as convicts?
Children who were treated as convicts in the past were often subject to harsh conditions, including physical punishment, long hours of labor, and inadequate living conditions. They were sometimes placed in convict colonies or juvenile detention centers where they faced strict discipline and little opportunity for education or rehabilitation. The treatment of child convicts varied depending on the time period and location, but it was generally focused on punishment rather than rehabilitation.
How do you view trusting other people you work with in the fleet company?
Trusting your colleagues in a fleet company is essential for effective teamwork and efficient operations. It fosters better communication, collaboration, and overall job satisfaction. Building trust through open communication, reliability, and mutual respect can lead to a more positive work environment and improved performance.
What was the punishment if the convicts were bad?
Punishments of Australian convicts included:
- flogging, often with the cat o' nine tails
- loss and/or reduction of rations
- solitary confinement
- hard labour
What is the rules of a convict ship?
a respectful and becoming manner to all the officers on board and they are strictly to obey such orders as I may issue through the Captain of Divisions and Heads of Messes.
2. The prisoners must behave themselves in a decent and becoming manner at all times but more especially when prayers are had at Divine Service, performed prayers morning and evening weather permitting.
3. Cursing and all foul language, shouting, quarelling, fighting, selling, exchanging or giving away clothes are strictly forbidden.
4. Any person stealing or secreting any of the ships stores or any other article belonging to the stores in the ship will be severely punished.
5. The prisoners are on no ocassion to hold conversation with the guard or ships company or talk through bars below.
6. Each mess shall have a captain and it will be the duty of each man in his turn to clean the untensils, the latter after each meal are to be taken on deck and thoroughly cleansed before being passed below, the members of each mess are to sit together.
7. The captains of messes are warned that they will be held responsible for the good order and cleanliness of the mess, they are to see that the men wash themselves every morning and that they attend to them and that there are no ??? at ??? and men sleeping with their clothes on.
8. Smoking or striking lights below in the prison, washing or attempting to dry clothes will not be allowed under any pretence whatever.
9. All captains of messes will receive their provisions in the order of their messes ??? of meat and deliver them to the ??? they are ??? their messes.
10. Two inspectors in rotation will be appointed who will superintend the issue of provisions. A printed copy of the established rations of provisions will be hung up and should they appear of bad quality or deficient in weight they are to submit them for examination to me before they pass the quarter deck after that it will be too late to complain.
11. The night watch will be set at 8 o'clock and they will be held responsible for the peace and good order of the prison during the night, and it will be their duty to see that no more than one person at a time is in the water closet.
Prisoners are warned that if found congregating at the bottom of the ladder leading to the water closets, they will be punished should anything ??? occur they are immediately to report to the sentry at the gate.
12. The bedding is to be taken on deck every morning when the weather will permit. The captains of divisions are to see the beds neatly rolled up by 6 o'clock a.m. after which they must be handed through the prison gate to the upper deck crew to be stored by them and when they are ordered down they are to be ??? from the same party.
13. If at any time a prisoner has reason to complain of provoking language or treatment from the ships company or guard he is strictly ??? not to retaliate but to make the same known to me that the complaint may be investigated.
14. Each captain of a division will have charge of a certain number of ??? he is to attend to every man in his division and see that they muster clean and orderly. The captains are to attend to the cleaning of the prison to check impropriety they may ??? and to report to me everything that may affect the discipline established.
15. The surgeon superintendent has to impress on the minds of the prisoners that their future prosperity and happiness will depend on their good conduct on board and the report he shall have to make to the Governor of the Colony on arrival.
For approximately how long were most convicts sentenced to stay in Australia?
Convicts were sent to Australia for a term of seven or fourteen years, or "for the term of his/her natural life" - that is, a life sentence.
Very few of them ever returned to their home country, even those who had 7 year sentences, because there were better opportunities for them in Australia.
Did William Lawson have children?
There is limited information available about William Lawson's personal life, so it is unclear whether he had children or not.
Was William Lawson in the court for Captain Bligh?
Yes, William Lawson, a soldier in the New South Wales Corps, was present at the court-martial of Captain William Bligh in 1808. Lawson was involved in the events of the Rum Rebellion, where Bligh was deposed as governor of New South Wales.
What was convict labor used for?
Convict labor was used for various types of work, such as building roads, railways, and infrastructure. Convicts were often forced to work in harsh conditions and were used to provide cheap labor for government projects and private companies. This practice was common in many countries during the 18th and 19th centuries.
The Borrowdale was a ship that transported manganese ore from the island of Skopelos to Newcastle, England. It played a crucial role in the industrial revolution by providing the necessary raw materials for the steel industry.
Who was establish the famous lost colony?
That would depend on which lost colony you were asking about, but Fletcher Christian establish a colony on Pitcairn Island after the mutiny on the bounty.
Why is captain Arthur Philip remembered because?
Captain Arthur Philip is remembered for being the first Governor of New South Wales, Australia. He led the First Fleet to establish the first European settlement in Australia in 1788 at Port Jackson (Sydney). He played a significant role in the early colonial history of Australia and is credited with laying the foundations for the development of the country.
Where did the dead bodies go on the First Fleet?
The dead bodies of those who died on the First Fleet were usually buried at sea. This was a common practice on long sea voyages to prevent the spread of disease and decomposition onboard.
What kinds of tools and machines did the first fleet use to harvest the land?
The First Fleet used basic hand tools such as axes, shovels, and hoes for land clearing and farming. They also utilized draft animals like horses and oxen for plowing and transportation. Machines were limited, so much of the work was done manually with the available tools.
Did Gregory Blaxland have siblings?
Yes, Gregory Blaxland had siblings. He had five brothers and two sisters.
Why did Gregory blaxland explore the blue mountains?
Gregory Blaxland was a grazier who, like many other graziers in the colony of New South Wales, needed more land. The colony was quickly outgrowing the land available, but it was believed that good land lay on the other side of the Blue Mountains. Therefore, Blaxland, along with William Lawson and William Wentworth, sought to find a route across the Blue Mountains, something that had been attempted by many men before, but always unsuccessfully.
Why did Europeans first come to Australia?
Europeans came to Australia for a variety of reasons.
- The first Europeans were seeking the great southern continent they were convinced must exist south of the equator.
- Dutch traders came across Australia while searching for new trade routes to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).
- The English and French came in search of new land to take for their empires.
- In the end, for various reasons, the British Government chose to establish a colony in Australia, claiming the continent for its empire, and sent 11 ship loads of people, including convicts, to colonise the land. This was because conditions in England in the 18th century were tough: the industrial revolution had removed many people's opportunities to earn an honest wage as simpler tasks were replaced by machine labour. As unemployment rose, so did crime, especially the theft of basic necessities such as food and clothing. The British prison system was soon full to overflowing, and a new place had to be found to ship the prison inmates. The American colonies were no longer viable, following the American war of Independence. Following Captain Cook's voyage to the South Pacific in 1770, the previously uncharted continent of New Holland proved to be suitable. Cook had claimed the eastern half of the continent for England, naming it "New South Wales", and determined that a small bay in the south which he named "Botany Bay" would present the ideal conditions for a penal colony.
