Australian Colonial Settlement

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13 May 1787 to 18 January 1788/

The First Fleet, which arrived in Australia in 1788, included a total of 736 convicts, as well as marines and their families. Among the convicts, there were a few births noted during the voyage, with records indicating that at least one baby was born on board the ships. However, specific numbers of births can vary in historical accounts, and detailed records from that period are limited. Overall, while there were some births, they were not a significant occurrence during the voyage.

Fleet Command happened in 1999.

Grand Fleet ended in 1919.

The Second Fleet, dispatched by Britain in 1790, aimed to transport convicts to the newly established penal colony in Australia, specifically in Port Jackson (modern-day Sydney). It was intended to supplement the First Fleet, which had faced significant challenges, including high mortality rates among convicts. Additionally, the Second Fleet sought to improve the conditions of transportation and support the growing settlement by ensuring a steady supply of convicts for labor. Ultimately, it played a crucial role in the early development of the Australian colony.

When the First Fleet arrived in New South Wales, they faced a completely undeveloped land. The uneven terrain was completely covered by native Australian trees and bushland, but it had to be cleared for farming. This took a lot of effort, with difficulties compounded by climate conditions never before faced by the British - constant heat and humidity, as it was summer when they arrived. Sudden hailstorms and squalls were not uncommon.

As well, the people of the First Fleet faced the uncertainty of not knowing how the Australian Aborigines would respond to their presence. At night, they were spooked by the sounds of aboriginal corroborees filtering through the bush, while cicadas deafened them in the early evening. During the day, they endured the screeches of cockatoos and other unfamiliar birds.

Normally an Admiral would command fleets of ships, an example of one was Horatio Nelson

135 years ago, Australia was called Australia. This became its official name in 1824. Prior to that, the eastern part was named New South Wales and the western portion was known as New Holland.

All colonies joined in Federation on the same date - 1 January 1901.

The Second Fleet of convicts to Australia carried livestock such as sheep and cattle. Because this fleet was not a government fleet, but was instead contracted out, few records of supplies exist, so it is not known exactly how many sheep and cattle were purchased at the ports along the way. One of the supply ships carrying the livestock was wrecked off the coast of southern Africa, so most of the animals were lost.

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The British decided to send a settlement fleet to New South Wales in Australia because it was the best way to colonise the continent, and to maintain a presence in the South Pacifc. They wished to colonise Australia for several reasons:

1. To expand the British empire, and prevent the French from gaining a foothold in the Australian continent or in that part of the Pacific.

2. To solve the problem of Britain's overcrowded prisons (a consequence of the Industrial Revolution) by establishing a new penal colony in a land which showed promise for eventually becoming self-supporting. Britain had been sending their excess prisoners to North America, but the American War of Independence put a stop to the practice. After James Cook's successful voyage which involved charting the eastern coast of Australia, New South Wales was seen as a viable proposition for a convict colony. In particular, it was endorsed by Sir Joseph Banks, the influential botanist who travelled with Cook.

3. Australia could provide commercial and political gains to Britain.

4. Due to war, Britain needed to find an alternative supply of Flax and timber as her Baltic supply was under threat. It was believed that nearby Norfolk Island would provide this.

5. Britain needed a port in the East to promote trade with China and to extend its naval and commercial power.

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They sent criminals who would have normally been sent to jail to Australia when the jails became overcrowded.

The First Fleet travelled from Portsmouth, to Tenerife in the Canary Islands. From there it continued on the Rio de Janeiro in South America, then across to South Africa. It then continued east to New South Wales.

A fleet of ships is a bunch of ships together to make a aconimy

Not a lot is known about the ship 'Lady Penrhyn' of the First Fleet. It was a two-decked, three-masted ship which weighed around 333 tons and which had an overall length of 104 feet.

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Conditions were very unsanitary, and dysentery and cholera were common, though less common than on subsequent fleets. Women had no privacy, and there was no provision for bathing. Basic personal hygiene was something that simply could not be attended to.

The convicts, both male and female, shared ship space with rats. Men and women were given small rations of basic flour and salted meat. Occasionally they were permitted to walk around the decks for exercise. Women were often used by the marines for their "entertainment". As food was sometimes in short supply, many of these women willingly traded their services for extra rations.

Captain Arthur Phillip was chosen to lead the First Fleet and to be Governor of the new colony in New South Wales.