Chloroplasts

Getting out our trusty microscope, let's examine a typical leaf. To the naked eye, the whole leaf seems green, but that is an illusion. The individual plant cells that we see under the microscope are not so green after all. Instead, they are mostly transparent, but each contains perhaps 50 to 100 tiny green dots. These dots are the chloroplasts, where the light-sensitive green chlorophyll is found and where photosynthesis takes place. What is going on inside the chloroplasts? The chloroplast is like a tiny bag with even smaller flattened bags called thylakoids inside it.You could compare the chloroplast to a factory with two crews (PSI and PSII) inside the thylakoids making batteries and delivery trucks (ATP and NADPH) to be used by a third crew (special enzymes) out in the stroma. That third crew makes sugar by adding hydrogen atoms and carbon dioxide molecules in a precise sequence of chemical reactions using the enzymes in the stroma. All three crews can work during the day, and the sugar crew works a night shift as well, at least until the supplies of ATP and NADPH from the day shift are used up.

Chlorophyll refelcts the majority of green light, this gives plants (and chlorophyll) its green colour

Chloroplasts need sunlight for development. However, there are plants that do not have chloroplasts and therefore, do not need sunlight. Some of these plants include rhizomes, tubers, and root crops. Window leaf plants and parasitic plants also do not have chloroplasts.

A cell can work without chloroplast . Animals cells do not hav chloroplast and they work properly . Chloroplast is present in plant cells to perform photosynthesis n prepare food i.e. to covert solar energy into chemical energy . And food can also prepared without chloroplast like what happens in chemosynthesis . Chemosynthetic organisme perform chemosynthesis n prepare food without the utilization of solar energy .

The prevailing theory suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancient host cells through endosymbiosis. Over time, these engulfed bacteria developed a symbiotic relationship with the host, providing energy in the form of ATP through respiration (mitochondria) or photosynthesis (chloroplasts). This eventual integration allowed the host cell to utilize the abilities of these organelles, leading to the evolution of more complex eukaryotic cells.

The fluid region of the chloroplast is known as the stroma. It is a semi-liquid substance that fills the space between the thylakoid membranes and surrounds the thylakoid stacks called grana. The stroma contains enzymes and other molecules that are involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during the process of photosynthesis.

Inside the chloroplast are thylakoids (the stacks of them are called grana). In the thylakoid membrane, there is a pigment called chlorophyl (actually, there are two: chlorophyl a and chlorophyl b). These pigments absorb light energy in the form of photons and essentially turn them into chemical energy to be used for other processes in the cell, such as cellular respiration.

No, red pepper is not a root. It is actually a fruit, specifically a type of chili pepper. The part that is typically consumed is the fleshy outer layer, while the seeds and inner membrane are usually discarded.

Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts resemble those of cyanobacteria because chloroplasts are believed to have evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. During evolution, the cyanobacteria that were engulfed by a host cell eventually became mutually beneficial, leading to the development of chloroplasts. The structural similarity between the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria is a remnant of this evolutionary relationship.

visible spectrum, particularly in the blue (400-500 nm) and red (600-700 nm) regions. They contain pigments called chlorophylls, which are responsible for capturing and converting light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis. Green light (500-600 nm) is not absorbed as efficiently, which is why chloroplasts appear green.

Grana, thylakoids, and stromal are all components found in chloroplasts. Grana are stacks of thylakoid discs that contain chlorophyll and other pigments for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. Thylakoids are flattened membrane sacs within the grana where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place. Stromal refers to the non-membrane part of the chloroplast, which contains enzymes and other molecules involved in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.

The stroma is liquid, colorless and resides around the grana inside the chloroplast. A series of reactions within the chloroplast known as the Calvin Cycle take place within the stroma area. The Chloroplast's ribosomes and DNA are also found within the stroma area.

Guard cells in the lower epidermis are the only cells with chloroplasts in a leaf because they play a crucial role in regulating gas exchange and water loss through the stomata. Chloroplasts allow guard cells to photosynthesize and produce sugars, which provide the energy needed for stomata opening and closing. This specialization ensures efficient control over transpiration and photosynthesis in leaves.

There are four basic types of mitochondria. Each type is distinguished by if or how ATP is produced. One mitochondrial type is found in the cells of mammals and respires carbon dioxide during pyruvate breakdown and ATP synthesis. End products are water and carbon dioxide. Another type of mitochondria is found in certain intestinal parasites. This type, called mitosomes, is small and inconspicuous and are not involved in ATP synthesis at all. As for chloroplasts, there is only one type. However, there are three different cholorplast genes that can exist based on RNA transcription.

The important compound found in the chloroplast of an elodea leaf is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is responsible for absorbing light energy during photosynthesis, which converts that energy into chemical energy that the plant can use to carry out various cellular processes.

No, carbon dioxide is not taken into the chloroplast during the light-dependent reactions. The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and involve the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Carbon dioxide is actually taken in during the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle or dark reactions, which occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.

The waste products made by plants during energy release are primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). These waste products are produced through the process of photosynthesis in which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (energy) and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct, while the carbon dioxide and water are either used by the plant or released into the surroundings.

Ribosomes are present in chloroplasts and mitochondria because both organelles have their own DNA and protein synthesis machinery. They need ribosomes to translate the genetic information from their DNA into proteins that are essential for their proper functioning. Additionally, chloroplasts and mitochondria are believed to have originated from ancient bacteria that were engulfed by a host cell, and these bacteria-like organelles still retain some of the features of their bacterial ancestors, including the presence of ribosomes.

Animalia and Fungi are two kingdoms that do not have chloroplasts. While they have other organelles and structures that perform similar functions, such as mitochondria, they do not possess chloroplasts for photosynthesis like plants and some other organisms do.

If the interior of the thylakoids of isolated chloroplasts were made acidic and then transferred to a pH-8 solution, it is likely that the pH imbalance would trigger a process called proton motive force. This would lead to the movement of protons from the thylakoids to the surrounding solution to restore equilibrium. As a result, ATP synthesis would be inhibited, and the overall rate of photosynthesis would be affected.

Yes, chloroplasts are present in guard cells. Guard cells are specialized cells found in the epidermis of plant leaves and stems that regulate the opening and closing of stomata. Chloroplasts, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll, are responsible for photosynthesis and are necessary for the energy production needed for the opening and closing of stomata.

the photosystems

Chlorophyll is a green chemical inside chloroplasts. It carries out photosynthesis, which makes energy for a plant using sunlight. In fact, when you get a grass stain on your clothes, the green stuff is chlorophyll.

The Difference:

the major difference between chloroplast and mitochondria is that the latter contains thylakoid membrane and pigment molecules, whereas the mitochondria membranes contain respiratory enzymes not found in chloroplast membrane.

Similarities:

They both are the main powersource of the organism.(Mitochondria producing ATP through the krebs cycle and chloroplast uses photosynthesis to produce glucose.)