Computer Networking

Network defense refers to the strategies and measures implemented to protect computer networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. This involves a combination of hardware, software, policies, and procedures designed to safeguard network integrity, confidentiality, and availability. Key components include firewalls, intrusion detection systems, encryption, and regular security audits. Effective network defense also emphasizes user education and awareness to mitigate human-related vulnerabilities.

An Internet working device used to connect different LAN segments is called a Modem. A Modem can be either hard wired to the computer or use a Wi-Fi connection to connect to the computer. Dial up Modems were also used that ran through telephone lines.

hi this is Ahmed Hussain a student of comuter networking that is why i need for help in the topics of Star topology (functions&preferrence). My email id is ahmed.dolu@gmail.com

The Gnutella Network is a network used primarily to exchange files on a peer to peer basis.

ATM is a dedicated connection switching technology that organizes the digital data into 53-byte cell units and transmits them over a physical medium using digital signal technology. Some of the ATM interfaces described below. ATM Interfaces: An ATM network consists of a set of ATM switches interconnected by point-to-point ATM links or interfaces. ATM switches support two primary types of interfaces: UNI and NNI. UNI (User Network Interface) It connects ATM end systems (such as hosts and routers) or user equipment and ATM equipment for example a workstation and the ATM switch. Depending on whether the switch is owned and located at the customer’s premises or is publicly owned and operated by the telephone company, UNI can be further subdivided into public and private UNI. Public UNI: A public UNI connects an ATM endpoint or private switch to a public switch. Private UNI: A private UNI connects an ATM endpoint and a private ATM switch. NNI (Network to Node Interface) This Interface is a connection between ATM devices. Private NNI (P-NNI): A private NNI connects two ATM switches within the same private organization. Public NNI or Inter Switching System Interface (ISSI): A public NNI connects two ATM switches within the same public organization. ICI (Inter-Carrier Interface) The interface between different ATM carriers. Broadband Inter-Carrier Interface (B-ICI) DXI (Data Exchange Interface) It is the interface from ATM into legacy equipment such as routers into ATM using HDLC. Between routers and ATM Digital Service Units (DSU)

Marginal.

The physical layer - it describes the hardware and the signaling techniques used at the physical connection between the network and the device.

TCP port numbers, as well as UDP port numbers, are 2-byte numbers, therefore, the range is from 0 to 65535.

in Start topology

A network is defined by its database. A model network begins with a solid database. The digital routes and building software in which currents are transformed is next to consider. After planning output a programmer can began building the network and testing all input.

Star topologa

lan

Josef ylanan was here

It is discarded because the maximum amount of hops is 15.

(not so sure).. i think this block is reserved for loopback address on PCs

A peer to peer network.

MAC address is fixed to the hardware device (for example a network card) and can not be changed. IP address is assignable. The default IP address for a device can be computed by converting the four right-most numbers of the MAC address from hex to decimal.
The MAC address refers to the physical address assigned by the Network Interface Card manufacturer. Example - 10.03.d5.f3.45.fc , where are an Internet Protocol address is given to a computer when it gets connected to the network. Its divided into four parts , separated by fullstops.

The ping command returns several pieces of information to the user, including the IP address of the target host, the number of bytes sent in each packet, the time it takes for the packets to travel to the target and back (round-trip time), and the packet loss percentage. It typically displays the results for each packet sent, including whether it was received successfully and the time taken for each response. Additionally, at the end of the command, it summarizes the overall statistics, such as the total packets sent, received, and lost, as well as the minimum, maximum, and average round-trip times.

IPv4 1) Header (20-60 bytes). 2) Routed Protocol. 3) Types of address: i) Unicast ii) Multicast iii) Broadcast (limited/Direct) 4) 32-bit address. 5) Address space is 2^32. 6) Format of address : Decimal dotted. 7) IP security support is optional. IPv6 1) Header is fixed (20 bytes). 2) ICMP6, IP 3) Types of address: i) Unicast ii) Multicast iii) Anycast 4) 128-bit address. 5) Address space is 2^128. 6) Format of address : colon hex notation. 7) IP security support is built in.

me

protocol data unit

In Peer to peer the machines work as a workgroup machines and can access each other and they process themselves but in client server model all the requests of clients are sent to server it processes the request and send the result to client

Usually yes but some areas share the same ip (i live in one)

Wireless printing devices work in much the same way that internet works without a wired connection. The printer is one of many peripherals that is linked to a central hub like a router through technology like wireless USB that enables the reading of the wireless signal to the device.

port numbers