Database Programming

http is the odd one out because it is not a type of database management system (DBMS) like SQL, DB2, and Sybase. HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol and is used for transmitting data over the internet.

There are various sources available to assist in analyzing data information, such as statistical software like R or Python libraries like Pandas and NumPy. Additionally, data visualization tools like Tableau or Power BI can help in exploring and visualizing data. Online platforms like Kaggle or GitHub also provide datasets and resources for data analysis.

program data dependence - when changes in program requires changes to data access by program

poor security - lack of security of most of the data make it hard of management to control who is accessing and making changes to the data

lack of data sharing and availability - information cannot flow freely across different functional area.

- if the user finds data in 2 different places, the accuracy of the data cannot be trusted.

A relational database is a database that contains tables linked by common fields. These common fields are used to establish connections between the tables and to retrieve related data across multiple tables using queries.

SELECT FROM clause

Eg:

SELECT <select_options>

FROM <table_name>

[ WHERE <condition> ]

A detailed description of all data used in the database is called a data dictionary. It centralizes information about the structure of the database, including data types, relationships, constraints, and metadata. This resource is crucial for understanding and managing the database effectively.

Specialization in database management refers to the process of creating subtypes from a supertype entity in an entity-relationship (ER) model. It allows for the customization and organization of data based on unique characteristics within a specific subset of the main entity. This helps in categorizing and structuring data more efficiently.

The smallest unit of information you can access in a database is typically a single data element within a specific field of a record or a single cell in a table. It could be a single piece of data such as a number, text, date, or boolean value.

Non-repudiation of data refers to the ability to prove that a specific individual took a particular action and cannot deny it later. It ensures that the sender of a message or creator of data cannot later deny the authenticity of their actions. This is often achieved through the use of digital signatures or audit logs.

Processed data is called information.

1. How is sensitive data collected and stored?
2. What measures are in place to protect data from unauthorized access?
3. How often is data security training provided to employees?
4. What protocols are followed in case of a data breach?

The full form of CID is Criminal Investigation Department.

The field in the database can store OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) objects, which are either linked to or embedded within the table. This allows users to insert objects like images, videos, or documents directly into the database field. OLE objects enable the database to manage and display these objects within the table.

Data are raw facts or figures that have not been processed or analyzed. They become information when they are processed, interpreted, or organized in a specific context to give them meaning or significance.

Availability

A field in a database is often identified by a unique field or column name. This field name serves as the identifier for that particular data attribute within the database table. Assigning distinct and meaningful field names helps organize and reference the data effectively within the database system.

OLDP

A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a system for managing relational databases, while a data warehouse is a centralized repository that stores large amounts of structured data from various sources. RDBMS is used for day-to-day transactional data operations, while data warehouses are used for analytical queries and reporting. Data warehouses are often used to consolidate and analyze data for business intelligence purposes.

SQL queries allow you to search for and retrieve data from a database. By writing SELECT statements with specific criteria, you can search for information in tables and retrieve the results based on your query.

An academic database is an online collection of scholarly articles, research papers, books, and other academic sources which are peer-reviewed and deemed credible. It enables researchers, students, and scholars to access and retrieve information on a wide range of topics for their academic and professional work. These databases often require a subscription or institutional access to use.

Good things:

1. Data organization: Databases provide a structured way to organize and store large amounts of data efficiently.
2. Data integrity: They ensure data accuracy and consistency through validation rules and constraints.
3. Data retrieval: Databases allow for quick retrieval of specific information using queries.
4. Scalability: Databases can scale to accommodate growing data needs easily.

Bad things:

1. Cost: Setting up and maintaining a database can be expensive, especially for large organizations.
2. Complexity: Database management can be complex, requiring specialized skills and knowledge.
3. Security risks: Databases can be vulnerable to security breaches if not properly secured.
4. Performance issues: Slow queries, inefficient indexing, and heavy traffic can impact database performance.

Safeguarding data is important to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access, maintain privacy, prevent data breaches, and uphold trust with customers and partners. Failing to safeguard data can result in financial losses, reputational damage, and legal consequences.

The problem of inconsistency in data can arise from various factors such as errors in data entry, lack of standardized data formatting, and incomplete data updates. Inconsistent data can lead to inaccurate analysis and decision-making, affecting the overall reliability of data-driven processes.

The essence of a database is that it contains the data in the simplest possible way. Therefore all fields uniquely related to one field (known as the Key field) should be placed in a separate file. Now when processing another file containing that key field you have access to all the dependent fields. For example a personnel file might include a persons Job Description as a code. When reading that file the computer can use the code to access all the particulars of that job without having to store a copy for every person with that job.