Electrical Wiring

Resistors do not have a polarity. BY DEFINITION, a resistor is a device that follows Ohms law, and does so regardless of the polarity in which it is inserted into a circuit. Manufacturers of resistors do all they can to make their resistors follow that definition. One way to make a resistor have no polarity is to build it so that it is mechnically symmetrical about its two leads. Doing so will ensure that it will also be electrically symmetrical, and thus non-polarized

If you have a brand new appliance (hair dryer, toaster, fridge, tv etc) and it comes with a plug with three prongs it has a ground. If it comes with two prongs it is not grounded. The only time an electical appliance should not have three prongs is if it is "double insulated" double insulated means that the electrical components are on a chaisis that is electrically isolated from the outer case or chasis where the user can touch. This is done to greatly reduce the risk of electrical shock. If the device is not double insulated there must be a third prong or ground prong on the plug. The device will have a ground wire attached to the conducting parts of the device so that if there should be a failure such as a broken wire touching the parts that can be touched the electricity will have a path for electrical flow and again greatly reduce the risk of electrical shock to the user. If you plug in a three prong or grounded appliance and for some reason the breaker instantly trips there might be a dangerous electrical problem with the appliance which is causing electrical flow back through the ground conductor. this would also be slangly called a "shorted" circuit. It almost always causes the breaker or fuse to trip/blow.

If your panel and breakers are connected properly the voltage accross the "double pole" breakers should be 215 - 230 Volts AC (alternating current) The voltage accross the "single pole" breakers should be 105 - 130 Volts AC. All of the breakers should have the same voltage. If I understand your question you probably want to know how much electricity is being used on the different circuits in your house. The amount of electricity being used at a specific voltage is measured in Amperes or Amps (A) You would need to use a "clamp on" ammeter. They are relatively inexpensive. (probably between $75 and $500. follow the instructions that come with the meter but you would have to remove the cover at your main panel and clamp the meter around individual wires coming from each breaker. Remember the amount of amperage measured will depend on what devices are connected and running. For example: if you clamped on the circuit for your fridge it would read almost zero amps if the compressor was not running to cool the fridge. Measuring the "LOAD" or amount of power used on each circuit should probably be done by a qualified electrician.

A fault current on a twenty amp branch circuit can cause the main breaker to trip due to the higher-than-normal flow of electricity, which exceeds the circuit's capacity. This could be caused by a short circuit (abnormal connection between conductors) or a ground fault (unintended connection between a conductor and ground). The main breaker detects this overload and trips to prevent overheating and potential fire hazards.

A 36-volt DC motor is designed to operate efficiently and safely at 36 volts. Running it at 12 volts may not provide enough power to achieve its full capacity and performance. It could potentially overheat or lead to premature wear and tear on the motor due to insufficient voltage.

230-240

It's described as 230 v for harmonisation with Europe, with a tolerance of -6% +10% to allow for the fact that the actual supply voltage in most places is 240 v, and there are no plans to change it.

So 230 v is the political answer, while 240 v is the real answer.

Yes and No. A 277 volt heater uses 1 "hot" wire and a neutral, And 240 volt uses TWO hots (120 volts each) and NO neutral unless it has a 120V blower unit just to get that out there. Theoretically you could use 240 volts. Because 240 volts is a Lower (and there are also heaters 120v Hot to Neutral btw) voltage you would Decrease the wattage output of the heater itself which would violate the UL rating of the heater. Here's the Math. Rated Voltage x Rated Amperes = Rated Wattage Output. So if you have a 1500W unit @ 277V it draws 5.41A. Now that you know that you take Ohms Law to find the total Resistance of the Unit which would be 277A / 5.41 = 51.1 Ohms/Resistance. If you take Ohms Law again but for Amperes and factor in 240V instead the math would be 240 / 51.1 Ohms =4.69A. Now take 240V x 4.69A = 1125Watts. You can see that the output is way lower then the maximum rating of the heater. This is for purely resistance heaters like baseboard and and Ceiling Tile heaters. None the less if you installed this on 240V and it is not UL or CE listed for it you violated the rating and the National Electric Code. If you want a better idea look at 240V heaters most are Dual rated for 240V and 208V and you will see the same difference in output wattage listed on the unit.

When a 277 volt heater runs on 240 volts, it will not operate at its full capacity. This can lead to lower heat output and potentially damage the heater over time due to the difference in voltage. It is recommended to use the correct voltage to ensure safe and efficient operation of the heater.

The green or green/yellow wire in an appliance connects its metal base to the ground through the household wiring. This wire is known as the ground wire and is an essential safety feature to prevent electric shocks in case of a fault.

In a standard electrical wiring setup, the black wire is typically the hot wire, carrying the current to the device. The red wire is commonly used as a secondary hot wire in some wiring configurations. The yellow wire could be a different line voltage or used for special circuits, so it's important to verify with a voltage tester before making any connections.

Are you going to use the 9-volt motor as a dynamo, and the 9-volt dynamo as a motor? Yes, the motor can rotate the dynamo because DC motors and DC generators are actually the same thing--they just apply power to the terminals of a motor to make it turn, and turn the shaft of a generator to make power appear at the terminals.

Having said that, if you're going to try to connect the shaft of a 9v motor to the shaft of a 9v dynamo, and use the dynamo to power the motor so as to create a perpetual motion machine...that won't work. The motor wastes a little bit of energy, as does the dynamo. It is possible to build a device that uses a motor to drive an alternator, which is the AC version of a dynamo. You power the motor from the AC grid, and power something that's very sensitive to noise on the line from the alternator. This is called a Motor Generator set, and it's how they powered Cray-1 supercomputers.

In a three-phase system, the voltage is measured between any two of the three phase conductors. The voltage between two phases in a 3-phase system is higher at 440v compared to a single-phase system where the voltage is measured between one phase and a neutral wire, resulting in 230v. The higher voltage in three-phase systems allows for more power to be transmitted efficiently over long distances.

3 phase 208V refers to a type of electrical power distribution system commonly used in commercial and industrial settings. It consists of three alternating currents that are 120 degrees out of phase with each other, providing a more efficient and balanced power supply compared to single-phase systems. The voltage level of 208V is typically used in North America for powering larger equipment and machinery.

The 6-20 is a designation for a 20 amp circuit. Most homes have receptacles rated for 15 amps. The cord is designed so that you cannot plug it into a 3 prong 15 amp outlet for safety purposes. The wire, fuse or circuit breaker as well as the receptacle must be properly rated so you don't burn your house down. Proper inspection and possible rewiring to the power panel is needed to operate it safely.

An old 2 hole receptacle can be changed to a 3 hole receptacle that will accept a 3 prong plug, provided a ground wire is available at the box and connected to the ground (green) lug on the new receptacle. A 2 hole receptacle has a hot and neutral wire, while a 3 hole receptacle will require a ground wire connection -- in addition to the hot and neutral wires.

An electric clothes dryer demands 22A from a 240V outlet at approximately 90% Power Factor. The power demand on the outlet should be about 240V x 22A x 0.9 = 4.75 kW. The active components in an electric clothes dryer are the heating element (100% PF) and the electric motor that turns the tumbler (70-80% PF).

The formula you are looking for is W = I x E. (W is watts, I is current in amps, E is volts)

An AC capacitor is composed of two DC capacitors with the foil ends (-) connected together and the center ends (+) connected to the outside. There are variations to the connections. Each capacitor has to have the voltage rating required by the application -- and there are two capacitors in series in an AC capacitor. A 230V AC capacitor, depending on manufacturing design standard, may not be suitable for starting a 230V air conditioner.

On a three phase 4 wire panel board you can have 3 hot wires per neutral. The three hot wires have to be from each phase. You can not double up on a phase and a neutral. eg. L1 and L2 and L3 to one neutral. Other combinations, L1,L2, N - L2,L3,N - L3,L1,N. You can not use L1,L1,N - L2,L2,N - L3,L3,N.

A Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) protects you from electric shock by quickly shutting off power to the circuit when it detects a ground fault or abnormal current flow. This can happen when there is a short circuit, a malfunctioning appliance, or contact with water.

Hot wire can be either black, or red in most cases. However in certain situations (such as 3 or 4 way switches) the white, or neutral wire may be "hot". Such cases should always be taped or colored black, but sometimes are not. Best to test with a good circuit tester, they will tell you voltage, as well as polarity!

The total loaded 20 amp breaker operating on 120 volts will handle 2400 watts before it will trip. This is the maximum and the circuit wiring will probably get warm. De-rate to 80% capacity will bring the wattage down to 2400 x .8 = 1920 watts.

In order to install 12 volt lights on a 48 volt cart, you will need to use a voltage reducer to step down the voltage from 48 volts to 12 volts. This will allow the lights to operate properly without getting damaged. You can connect the lights to the 12 volt output of the voltage reducer and follow the wiring instructions provided with the reducer for proper installation. Be sure to follow all safety precautions and consult a professional if needed.

The change from negative to positive in an alternating current indicates a switch in direction of electron flow. This occurs when the flow of electrical charge in a circuit reverses periodically, creating oscillations. These changes in polarity enable the efficient transmission of electricity through power grids and enable devices to operate.