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Electronics Engineering
Electronics Engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with practical applications of electronic components, devices, systems, or equipment. Electronics are devices that operate on low voltage sources, as in electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and printed circuit boards and use electricity as part of its driving force.
24,372 Questions
Application of logic gates in mobiles?
What is this question really asking? If you are asking if you will find a 7400 IC in a phone, the answer is most likely no. If you are asking is there logic gates such as AND, OR, XOR, NOT gates in a mobile phone then the answer is yes, thousands if not millions of them. Where are they used in the phone? Everywhere from the CPU to the display of the screen, power management, you name it, they are there.
BTW: You should know that the CPU is nothing more than a collection of logic gates. A CPU may seem to work by magic, however I can assure you that there is nothing magic going on in a CPU.
What is considerede low voltage?
Low voltage is a relative term, as there is no 'level' at which a voltage is rated 'low'. Electrical safety codes define low voltage as circuits that do not require the same protections necessary at higher voltages.
It is a way in which electrons from a voltage or current source stream. Electric current stream in a shut way is called an electric circuit. The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is known as the source of electrons.
What voltage would you expect to measure across closed switch?
Original Correct Answer:
The voltage across an open switch should equal the supply voltage.
More Detailed Answer:
The above answer is basically correct. However, it may not be EXACTLY the supply voltage.
This is counter-intuitive at first glance and confuses a lot of people, including electrical engineers. The reason is this. Voltage, Current and Resistance are all interrelated by Ohms Law. Voltage equals Current multiplied by Resistance.
It is easy to think that since a switch is open, then you do not have current flow through the circuit. Thus, current times any Resistance is equal to zero volts because the current is equal to zero. Thus, by this logic, you would expect to find zero volts across the switch. In actuality this is true.
But, when you insert you meter, you change the conditions of the circuit, and the following is the result.
Let's say that you have a circuit with a resistance load like a heater, and a inductive load like a motor. The switch that powers these devices is open, thus their is no current flowing through the resistance or inductive loads.
Now you put the meter across the open switch. When you do, you insert a very large resistance in parallel to the open switch. Why? Because to get volts, the meter measures current flow through a known resistance, and then calculates voltage. To keep the resistance from impacting the circuit performance, the resistance is very large. Therefore, when you insert the meter, you will get a flow of current through the meter.
Because of this large resistance, the current trough the resistance load, inductive load, and wires is very small. Thus, the voltage drop across the loads and wiring is very small. Therefore, it appears that the entire voltage in the circuit is across the huge resistance in the meter. The result is a voltage reading that is very near the source voltage.
Let's do the math. Let's assume you have 120 volts. You also have a resistance of 500 ohms, and a motor winding that has 0 ohms resistance when DC is applied (This is true for motors). The meter has a 10 million ohm resistance.
If these loads are in series, the total resistance is 10Million 500 ohms. The 11.9 microamps. By multiplying the current flow to each resistance, you get 6 millivolts across the resistance, no voltage across the motor winding, and 119.994 across the open switch or meter. Since a meter rounds it reading, you would get 120.
If the loads are in parellel, you would get the same thing, becuase the switch is in series with both loads. In this example, the motor winding would have all the current flow through it since it is zero ohms, and the parallel resitance load is 500 ohms. Thus, the total resistance is the 10 million of the meter, and this resistance drive the current, and thus the largest voltage drop is at the swtich/meter. You could decide to remove the motor from this parellel circuit. If you did then the then the result is the series circuit above.
What are the signals that are transmitted to and from wireless electronic devices carried on?
Radiofrequency (RF) Signals:
RF signals are used in various wireless communication technologies, including:
Cellular networks: Mobile phones use RF signals to communicate with cell towers.
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity): Wi-Fi devices, such as smartphones, laptops, and routers, use RF signals to connect to local wireless networks.
Bluetooth: Bluetooth-enabled devices, like headphones, speakers, and smartphones, use RF signals for short-range wireless connections.
Zigbee: Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol commonly used in smart home devices like smart lights, thermostats, and sensors.
NFC (Near Field Communication): NFC technology allows devices to exchange data over very short distances, often used for contactless payments and device pairing.
Infrared (IR) Signals:
Infrared signals are used for short-range communication between devices that have IR transmitters and receivers. TV remote controls are a common example of devices that use IR signals.
GPS Signals:
Global Positioning System (GPS) devices receive signals from multiple satellites to determine their precise location and provide navigation information. GPS signals are crucial for location-based services and navigation applications.
Capacity in Ah is not directly related to voltage. If you have 3 AA batteries, each with different mAh ratings, you should be able to connect them in parallel or series to your hearts content. In series, the voltage will be additive: 3*(1.5volts) = 4.5 volts total voltage across all three batteries in series, assuming the battery voltage is 1.5 volts. In parallel, the voltage will be equivalent to 1 battery. In parallel, the three batteries are able to provide 3 times more current at 1.5 volts than if all three are in series at 4.5 volts.
Be careful when parallelling batteries of different voltages though. This is not a good idea, as they will try to force each other to match terminal voltage (voltage at the outputs of the batteries). An example: 1.5 volt AA battery, and a 12 volt car battery can be put in series - the total voltage will be 13.5 volts. The total current that can be sourced will be limitted by the AA's limit (much less than the car battery's limit). If put in parallel, the AA will try to force the voltage of the car battery down to 1.5 volts by drawing current into itself from the car battery. Alternately, the car battery will try to force the AA to 12 volts by pushing current into the AA battery. The AA battery will overheat, and likely catastrophically fail (blow up).
The flux capacitor, which consisted of a regularly squared compartment with three flashing lights arranged as a "Y", was described by Doc as "what makes time travel possible". The device is the core component of Doc Brown's DeLorean.
What resistor will take you from 4.9V to 3.3V?
The nature of your question suggests that you are trying to convert 18VDC down to 3.3VDC Perhaps to power a microprocessor running at that voltage. If you just used a simple divider circuit then there would be two resistors involved, not just one. You cannot "take" 18VDC down to 3.3VDC with a single resistor. You could limit current but not "divide" the voltage down. Really a divider circuit is not the best way to do this either because you probably want to draw at least some current at the 3.3V level. A simple divider circuit voltage would be dependent on the load.. So... I would recommend either a switching or a linear regulator (non switching, and not very efficient). There are a bunch of DC-DC switching regulators that would do the job nicely... I like the ST Micro L5981. It will output up to about an amp at 3.3V and work from 2.9V to 18VDC input. You can find the datasheet at
http://www.st.com/stonline/products/literature/ds/13004.pdf
Oh, and I'm not pushing the STMicro solution, there are many other good regulators available from Analog Devices, Linear Tech, as well as TI, and National... So Google a bit and you will discover many things for yourself...
Where can one find information about PCB assembly?
Information on PCB or printed circuit board assembly can be found at many sites such as Pentalogix as well as M.I.S Electronics. One can input the data required and it and can easily set up a prototype for ones use.
Difference between Nor and Nand gate flip flops?
NAND is Not AND, meaning that if both inputs are true, the output is false.
Any other combination (Including 0 0) does not change the output and it remains true. It's the opposite of AND, in which both inputs must be true for the output to be true.
NOR is Not OR. If at least one input is true, the output will be false.
It's the opposite of OR, where the output is true if at least one input is true.
The main difference is that NOR requires at least oneinput being true to make the output false, where NAND requires both to be true.
Node is Actually is nothing you can consider its as point where the Current (Ampere) Actually Get Distributed in Two or more ways .. where every get current divided that point will be know as Node
A telephone exchange serving a single organization, having a switchboard and associated equipment, usually located on the customer's premises; provides for switching calls between any two extensions served by the exchange or between any extension and the national telephone system via a trunk to a central office. Abbreviated PBX. (Sci-Tech Dictionary) For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (Answers.com) indicated below this answer box.
How do you calculate the transformer turns ratio?
For an ideal transformer, the voltage ratio is the same as its turns ratio.
What is a non polarized capacitor?
A polarized capacitor is one which has a polarity, positive on one terminal, negative on the other. This makes it superficially look like a battery. In use, the capacitor has its positive voltage always higher than that on the negative terminal, it matters that this is the case and this gives rise to the term polarized. This sort of capacitor is commonly found in power supply filters.
Why lights in classroom is connected in series or in parallel?
only two connections are possible.. parallel connection is always desired than series. .
What are the advantages of steel tubing?
In some cases, depending on the size and weight of tubular steel pipe vs the same or similar size solid steel bar, the tubular steel might be stronger. The molecular structure of the solid steel have the molecules stacked close together, any shock or stress will compress the molecules closer together with no place to go unless the steel bends or breaks. A steel tube has the hollow area which allows shock or stress to be released, it will be less likely to bend or break. It also depends on what the application is tubular steel will definitely be lighter in weight, can be filled, run wiring or plastic tubing through it. Cost is cheaper.
How ms spring protection works?
SDH Ring Protection Mechanisms
The ring protection types are as follows;
1. In Europe, 2f-MS-SPRing, 4f-MS-SPRing or 2f-SNCP
2. In USA, 2f-BLSR, 4f-BLSR or 2f-UPSR
Where, BLSR is Bi-Directional Line-Switched Rings, UPSR is Uni-Directional Path-
Switched Rings and MS-SPRing is the Multiplex Section-Shared Protected Rings, SNCP
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
DXC
ADM
ADM
ADM
DXC
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
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is Sub-Network Connection Protection. Table 2.3 illustrates this logical equivalence of
terminology.
SONET in USA SDH in Europe
2 fiber Uni-directional Path-Switched
Ring (2f UPSR)
2 fiber Sub-Network Connection Protection Ring
(2f SNCP Ring)
2 fiber Bi-directional Line-Switched
Ring (2f BLSR)
2 fiber Multiplex Section Shared Protected Rings
(2f MS-SPRing)
4 fiber Bi-directional Line-Switched
Ring (4f BLSR)
4 fiber Multiplex Section Shared Protected Rings
(4f MS-SPRing)
Table 2.3 The Ring Protection Architectures
SDH rings are also called self-healing rings since they incorporate protection mechanisms
that detect failures and reroute traffic onto reserved channels rapidly.
In a dedicated protection ring, every normal path has a corresponding protection path and
in a shared protection ring, several normal paths may use a single protection path.
Although SDH meshed architectures offer more advanced functionalities and ring
networks require high capacity and have limited flexibility, ring networks have dominant
advantages as fast restoration, being economical, practical and easy management.
The main advantage of ring protection schemes is fast restoration time since the network
switching time is a major factor for the transmission networks. The switch completion
time in a SDH ring for a failure on a single span is defined as less than 50 msec by ITU
Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) Recommendation G-841. Ring
networks are also preferred due to economical reasons since their lower nodal costs in
Metropolitan Area Networks [8].
MS-SPRing architecture implements traffic routing function electrically in the SDH
equipment of nodes. The nodes adjacent to a section or node failure are responsible for
the protection switching action. Protection is shared at the Multiplex Section level by
dividing the capacity of the SDH frames in half for service and protection channels [9].
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The communication protocol restricts the number of nodes to 16 in a ring in the MSSPRing
mechanisms.
There are two types of MS-SPRing; 2-fiber and 4-fiber rings that are shown in Fig. 2.13,
Fig. 2.14 respectively.
Figure 2.13 Two-fiber MS-SPRing
Figure 2.14 Four-fiber MS-SPRing
: Working Channels
: Protection Channels
: Working Channels
: Protection Channels
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ADM 4 ADM 3
ADM 2 ADM 1
: Protection Channels
: Working Channels
2-fiber MS-SPRing protection architecture uses half of the capacity of the ring for
working traffic, and reserves the other half of the ring capacity for protection. This
protection mechanism uses both of the fibers to carry working traffic, but half of the
capacity on each fiber is reserved for protection purpose. 2-fiber rings with shared
protection use ring switching for protection purposes.
4-fiber MS-SPRing uses two fibers for working traffic and reserves the other two fibers
for hot stand-by in case of a failure. A 4-fiber MS-SPRing has two types of protection
mechanisms, span switching and ring switching. 4-fiber rings enable the protection
mechanisms of either ring or span switching, but not both of them simultaneously.
Figure 2.15 Two-fiber MS-SPRing Protection
under link failure condition
An example of MS-SPRing protection with two fibers against a single link failure is
given in Figure 2.15. In normal conditions, both channels of the demand 2-4 travel
through 2-1-4. When a failure occurs on the fiber between node 1 and node 2, the
adjacent ADMs to the failure node 1 and node 2 are responsible for protection switching.
In the case of the failure condition, the traffic is looped back to the channels dedicated for
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protection as illustrated in the Fig.2.15. Since MS-SPRing Protection architecture is used,
the half of the capacity is reserved to handle failures.
What is the difference in a 5 uf and a 4 uf capacitor?
1 uf (i.e. 5uf - 4uf = 1uf)
Note: uf=micro Farads. A Farad is a unit of charge capacitance. You can think of it as charged electrons stored in a small package.
LCR circuitor
CRL circuitor
RCL circuit) is an
electrical circuitconsisting of a
resistor, an
inductor, and a
capacitor, connected in series or in parallel. The RLC part of the name is due to those letters being the usual electrical symbols for
inductanceand
capacitancerespectively. The circuit forms a
harmonic oscillatorfor current and will
resonatein a similar way as an
LC circuitwill. The main difference that the presence of the resistor makes is that any oscillation induced in the circuit will die away over time if it is not kept going by a source. This effect of the resistor is called
damping. The presence of the resistance also reduces the peak resonant frequency somewhat. Some resistance is unavoidable in real circuits, even if a resistor is not specifically included as a component. A pure LC circuit is an ideal which really only exists in theory
It stands for electrostatic detonation
ANSWER: Eelectrostatic static discharge. What it is? It is a potential of energy ready to be discharged if it find a path. Otherwise it sits there until it does. The source can easily be found on cellophane if ripped suddenly or walking on a dry carpet or sliding on your car seat
What are applications of half adder circuit?
Full adder circuit:
Full adder reduces circuit complexibility. It can be used to construct a ripple carry counter to add an n-bit number. Thus it is used in the ALU also. It is used in Processor chip like Snapdragon, Exynous or Intel pentium for CPU part . Which consists of ALU (Arithmetic Block unit) . This Block is used to make operations like Add, subtract, Multiply etcA full adder adds binary numbers and accounts for values carried in as well as out. A one-bit full adder adds three one-bit numbers, often written as A, B, and Cin; A and B are the operands, and Cin is a bit carried in from the previous less significant stage.The full adder is usually a component in a cascade of adders, which add 8, 16, 32, etc. bit binary numbers.
Is a transistor a semiconductor device?
Unfortunately no, it is nonlinear. But with careful selection of bias point, etc. it is usually possible to find a limited range of operation in which it approximates linearity well enough to be acceptable for the application.
What is the latest technology in computer architecture?
In 2007 the MTx per chip microprocessor (MP's) was made with 1204 MP's . that is the most resent tecnology in computer architecture. But in 2013 there will be a newer with a MP of 3424. even farther in the future of 2016 there will be another one with a MP 6200.
SORCE:
http://www.acm.org/fcrc/PlenaryTalks/Flynn.pdf
with a special thanks to M.J. Flinn from FCRC in San Diego 2003
What separates the three regions in a BJT?
Two junctions namely emitter-base junction and collector-base junction separates regions in a transistor.
What is the instantaneous voltage at 180 degrees for peak voltage of 150 volts?
Zero. If voltage starts at zero at zero degrees, it rises to peak voltage at 90 degrees. Voltage then reaches zero at 180 degrees and heads for negative peak voltage at 270 degrees and then back to zero at 360 degrees.
