Electronics Engineering

Because they are different transistors. Resistance among their internal diodes is one of the main features of a transistor.

the ideal differentiator has some limitations. The output is limited to the supply voltages, and since the differentiator is a noise-amplifying device, it suffers from excessive response to high-frequencies. Generally a practical differentiator is combined with a low-pass filter to smooth the high-frequency noise effects. Figure 6 shows some possible modifications to the ideal circuit. A large (over 1 MΩ) resistor Rx may be inserted in parallel with Cs and a very small ( 10 pF or less) capacitor Cx may be inserted in parallel with Rf.

An LC is a letter of credit which is used for carrying out large transactions between two financial institutions. A Pre-Advice LC is a fax/document sent from one bank to another before the actual transaction is carried out. This is to ensure that all information is correct.

Peak inverse voltage of a device like diode gives the maximum value of voltage that it can withstand without being damaged when it is reverse biased.

if a sinusoidal voltage is applied to linear circuit the output voltage is also sinusoidal in nature as far as the waveform is concerned the amplitude of input signal may change and there may be phase displacement between input voltages and output voltages

A: As current flow in the primary it will magnetize the core of the iron in the transformer that is called magnetizing.

If you want to work in watts, convert 25dB to a scalling factor:

3dB = 2 x input

10dB = 10 x input

20dB = 100 x input

...25dB = 10 ^ (25/10) = 316.2 x input

So the output is 15 Watts x 316.2 = 4.7kW

If you want to work in dB, then convert 15 watts to dB:

10 * log |P| = dB = 10*log |15| = 11.76dB

so the output is 11.76 + 25 = 36.76dB

First you establish a lab whose calibration tools are traceable to the National Bureau of Standards. You have one order of magnitude less accuracy than the place you get your calibrated standards from. The tools used in the laboratory are calibrated using a standard or standards. Then the meter is hooked up properly and a technician follows a calibration procedure to get the meter to jibe with the real world within a certain limit.

For the ordinary person with a $15 multimeter, a pretty good calibration can be done by using the 12 Volt regulated power supply in a desktop computer. With the meter on a voltage range higher than 12 VDC, put the leads into two of the four contacts on a cable for supplying power to a disk drive. You should find 12 V on one pair. This is required to be accurate to within 5%. Adjust your meter to 12.0 Volts if you can using the adjustment inside the meter.

According to the Duracell website, a brand new Duracell AA battery has a voltage of 1.60 when a load is drawing a quarter of a watt from it. It will be slightly higher with no load other than the meter - about 1.65 V. Calibrating with this reference voltage may get your meter accurate to 2%.

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Remember that the meter will drift away from calibration with temperature change, battery discharge and time.

No load speed is the speed that the motor run when it has no load, i.e., the motor is separated from the engine, that speed is than greater than the rated speed, because the rated speed is the speed whwn the motor are linked to the load and it is the full load.

The "LM" stands for Linear Monolithic" and is just part of the part-number that National decided to use for this famous timer IC.

The LM prefix is still used for a lot of medium complexity analog chips, like regulators and op-amps.

The voltage between the ends of the circuit doesn't change ... that's where the

power source is connected. But when you add more items in a series circuit, the

voltage across each item changes.

The individual voltages across each item in the series circuit always add up to

the voltage of the power source. So in general, if you add more items, the voltage

across each of the original ones must drop somewhat.

creativity

N-type semiconductors are a type of extrinsic semiconductor where the dopant atoms (donors) are capable of providing extra conduction electrons to the host material (e.g. phosphorusin silicon). This creates an excess of negative (n-type) electron charge carriers.

the channel capacity (information in bits per second) is related to bandwidth and SNR by the relation

C= B[log(1+SNR) b/s

log is at the base 2

B= bandwidth of a channel

C= capacity in bits per second

SNR= signal to noise ratio.

Working of light dependent resistor

This circuit explains the principle of operation of LDR (light dependence resistor). The circuit has various applications like shadow alarm, automatic night/morning lamp.

LDR, an acronym for light dependent resistor is a resistor whose resistance is dependent on light. The resistance of LDR is of the order of Mega Ohms in the absence of light and reduces to a few ohms in presence of light. In this circuit when the light falls on LDR, the resistance of LDR becomes low and the entire voltage drop takes place across the variable resistance VR1 (10K). As a result the base of transistor (T1) gets high input and it gets biased thereby glowing the LED. When no light falls on LDR, the resistance of LDR becomes high so almost entire voltage drop takes place across it and the base of transistor is at low potential. So transistor does not gets biased nor it becomes conducting, hence switching off the LED. The sensitivity of the circuit can be adjusted by varying the preset VR1.

LDR, an acronym for light dependent resistor is a resistor whose resistance is dependent on light. The resistance of LDR is of the order of Mega Ohms in the absence of light and reduces to a few ohms in presence of light. In this circuit when the light falls on LDR, the resistance of LDR becomes low and the entire voltage drop takes place across the variable resistance VR1 (10K). As a result the base of transistor (T1) gets high input and it gets biased thereby glowing the LED. When no light falls on LDR, the resistance of LDR becomes high so almost entire voltage drop takes place across it and the base of transistor is at low potential. So transistor does not gets biased nor it becomes conducting, hence switching off the LED. The sensitivity of the circuit can be adjusted by varying the preset VR1.

That depends, you should look it up in the datasheet. For some thyristors it's as low as 6V

we will operate transistor mainly in 4 regions..namely active ,cutoff,saturation and pinch off region depending on the type of biasing.

if it is under active region then transistor is a linear device..

linearity in the sense if the output is proportional to input then it is said to be linear.

The cutoff frequency of filter depends upon the value of capacitor and resistance. Therefore, below cutoff frequency or above this frequency, capacitor allow to pass all other frequencies.

That depends on the particular radar system.

A simple speed radar used by law enforcement can simply be held and pointed at a target to determine the speed of the target.

A more complex system like an air traffic control radar system would have display consoles for the radar operator to view the data.

Photoemissive transducer is the changes in dielectric varies the capacitance.

pnp

quasi-TEM

starter is used in dc motor to reduce the initial starting torque...so that the dc machine could be protected from damage....

..and to avoid max ..current flowing ..from it it can damage whole ..moter structure