Epidemiology

The importance of studing hiv and aids The importance of studing hiv and aids

An epidemic is when 7.7% of any given population is infected.

1 Koerner, Brendan I. 2003. Outbreaks vs. epidemics: whether it's time to freak about the flu. Slate [Internet]. [cited 31 May 2009]. Available from: http://www.slate.com/id/2092969/

1. The role of epidemiology in health policy formulation, planning and management

If health care professionals don’t look at the “how” and “why” involved in keeping populations healthy, the health of whole communities might be in jeopardy

Although there is a vaccine for this disease, it is not available in all countries. So, to try to prevent it, people should avoid coming in contact with infected animals and contaminated water or soil that carry the bacteria that causes this disease. Similarly, people should also use good hygiene. This disease causes symptoms, such as fevers, chills, diarrhea, and vomiting. This disease also affects both animals and humans.

The primary role of statistics in epidemiology is to make conclusions about a population of interest when data is only available from a sample. Statistics accounts for the uncertainty.

In epidemiological datasets there are usually measured observations of an occurance of a disease as well as measured indicators of exposure. An epidemiologist may for example be interested in whether exposure (e.g. smoking) increases the risk of disease (e.g. cancer). Information on smoking however may not be available for all people in the population of interest because of limited resources, so an epidemiologist would have to consider taking a sample. An epidemiologist would use a random sample in order to use statistics to to make inference about the association between smoking and cancer in the population. The role of statistics is to determine whether any association that is observed in the random sample is actually a real one. In most cases there will be some association even if it is very small. The role of the statistician is to determine if the association is different than what would occur by chance.

A communicable disease is a disease that can be transferred from an infected person to another individual. or A communicable disease is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from an infected organism to another. Examples of these include: Bird flu, cholera, Malaria, etc.

That branch of science which treats of epidemics.

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Epidemiology is a branch of medicine sutying epidemics and the spread of diseases.

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The epidemiologic transition model was developed by Abdel Omran in 1971. It describes the shifts in disease patterns and mortality rates as societies progress from pre-industrial to industrialized stages. The model highlights the transition from infectious diseases as the primary cause of mortality to chronic diseases associated with lifestyle and aging in more developed societies. Omran's work has been foundational in understanding public health trends and demographic changes.

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criteria for studying epidemiology

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Epidemiological transition refers to the shift in disease patterns observed in populations as they undergo economic and social development. This transition typically involves a decline in infectious diseases and an increase in chronic, lifestyle-related conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes. It reflects changes in mortality, fertility, and health behaviors, often paralleling improvements in healthcare, nutrition, and living standards. Overall, this concept highlights the evolving health challenges faced by societies as they progress through different stages of development.

Epidemiology studies utilize several key measurements to assess health outcomes and disease patterns. Common measurements include incidence (the number of new cases over a specific time period), prevalence (the total number of existing cases at a given time), mortality rates (the frequency of deaths from a disease), and risk ratios (comparing the likelihood of an event occurring in exposed versus unexposed groups). Other important metrics include odds ratios and population-attributable risk, which help in understanding the impact of risk factors on public health. These measurements enable researchers to identify trends, evaluate interventions, and inform public health policies.

Epidemiology in microbiology is primarily governed by public health organizations, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These organizations establish guidelines, conduct research, and monitor disease outbreaks to inform public health strategies. Additionally, local health departments and academic institutions play crucial roles in studying and addressing microbiological diseases within specific communities. Collaboration among these entities is essential for effective disease surveillance and response.

Epidemiology is considered as basic science of public health. It is study of health related events in population. It takes into account the pattern & rate of risk of disease in the population. So it is fundamental to the practice of public health.