Evolution

Charles Darwin was not qualified to make such theory, he was a naturalist and as such had a bias against the involvement of supernatural forces thus rendering his conclusions scientifically invalid. His education consisted of parts of the subjects of medicine, taxidermy, plant taxonomy, theology, geology, and few other things that related to the nature of his claims. his assumptions were based off observations he witnessed on the Galapagos Islands and influenced by a book he read on the voyage to the islands. The book stated that a river had carved away at a landscape to form a valley, Darwin believed that other things in the world were formed this way when he saw that there were finches on the islands he saw that they were different from the ones he had known at his home, he also observed that they changed from island to island. The conclusion he drew from this is that these birds must have shared a common ancestor and over time became similar creatures. His reasoning was influenced by the book because he believed that time was "carving" certain creatures into different ones through "evolution" he decided that if finches evolved this was then why not all creatures? The fundamental flaw in his conclusion is that he didn't have the instruments of the modern world and thus couldn't come to the reality that the finches were adaptations of the same creature, because they had lived on the Galapagos islands for a long time they "adapted" to life on the islands instead of the mainland. Darwin himself said "if science should prove me wrong than i am wrong" unfortunately evolution's claims violate several laws of physics, however many people refuse to accept this truth because they simply wish to remove God from life. Darwin studied theology and was actually trained to be a pastor he stated that in no way was his theory meant to usurp the supernatural authority of God, how he was trained to be a pastor AND a naturalist i really don't know.

When nothing happens to exert strong population pressure on that population, natural selection favors the allele frequency already present. When mutations cause new traits, natural selection weeds these traits out because they're not as efficient as the others.

Without mutation there can be no evolution. Without evolution there can be no speciation.

The evolution of man is considered a complex process because it takes thousands of years for even a small change to occur. It is a result of genetics and physiological changes which take many generations to take hold.

1. Almshouse as primarily institutions of social welfare

2. Community owned private hospitals as charitable institutions supported by affluent donors.

3. Institution of medical practice and training serving the needs of all members of society and able to make a profit

4. Emergence of a relatively small number of physicians owned proprietary hospitals.

5. University based centers of medical research

6. Emergence of medical systems providing a large array of health services.

The main principles of the contingency theory is that no organization, regardless of how big or organized it is, can come up with a proper predictor of what might happen in the future accurately which is why contingencies should always be put in place in case of catastrophic events.

Divergent Evolution.

Definition of Diverge: to deviate from a set course or standard.

soource: google definitions

We can not answer this without "which" and "the other three".

The decrease in competition between species can lead to the sudden appearance of many new species because by the time there is a decrease between species more species are developing and that is causing more species to appear so suddenly.

Species survive, evolve, and create speciation by finding a niche. This means that they find an area where they are able to benefit from food, shelter, and protection from predators.

The Scopes trial was about a teacher seeking to bring issues surrounding the teaching of evolution to the attention of a wider audience. Although he succeeded in this, he lost the trial itself and was fined $100.

The law challenged by Scopes was the Butler Act, explicitly prohibiting the teaching of science thought to conflict with scripture - ie. evolution. This law was instated by Tennessee governor Austin Peay, for the usual reasons. It wasn't until 1967 that this particular law was successfully challenged and subsequently repealed.

First, it should be noted that the development of gender (sexual dimorphism) is a subject separate from that of the evolution of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction had already existed for a long time when the first sexually dimorphic species evolved. Sexual dimorphism, gender, is the situation wherein there exist distinct roles in the reproductive cycle, and morphologies associated with each role have diverged. One way that sexual dimorphism could have evolved is through the difference in size an number between male and female gametes. Males are typically able to produce gametes in prodigious numbers, while females usually produce far fewer and larger gametes. This makes males more redundant, in some cases leading to male competition over females, while females may have the "luxury" of "picking and choosing" from the redundantly available males. A difference in gender roles and associated morphology may follow from this.

This is one way for gender and sexual dimorphism to evolve, but not the only way.

All four-limbed animals belong to the clade of Tetrapoda. The clade of Tetrapoda is defined as the first basal four-limbed animals and all their descendants, extant and extinct. The clade immediately superior (ancestral) to that is the clade of Teleostomi, which contains all jawed vertebrates, including the tetrapods, bony fish, and the extinct lineage of acanthodian fish.

Since the wings of insects and birds have different structures (or different designs) but perform similar functions, they are analogous organs. Now, since the analogous organs have different basic design, so they do not indicate a common ancestor for the organism. The analogous organs provide evidence for the evolution in another way.

The presence of analogous organs indicates that even the organisms having organs with different structures can adapt to perform similar functions for their survival under hostile environmental conditions. Thus, the presence of analogous organs in different animals provide evidence for evolution by telling us that though they are not derived from common ancestors, they can still evolve to perform similar functions to survive, flourish and keep on evolving in the prevailing environment. The analogous organs actually provide a mechanism for evolution.

The relatedness of species allows us to observe different types of organism with the expectation that there'll be homologous structures and behaviour in our own species. That way we can form predictions about behaviour on the level of human genetics, and human cell chemistry.

If it is a living organism it must reproduce itself sexually or asexually. Reproduction of the organism ( not viral hijacking of the reproductive mechanisms ) is one part of the definition of living things.

Yes, all living things are just groups of organisms consisting of common ancestors and all their decendant's. Clades is just a word that means a group of organisms.

Generally, female choice.

Take an extreme example of sexual dimorphism, elephant seals. The males can be twice the size of the females and hold many females in harems. This is the reproductive strategy that works for these organisms. The females, at some time in the past, started choosing larger males to breed with and their progeny inherited this choice. This lead to more survivability and reproductive success in the elephant seal and the size of males is only constrained by physics. So, this is nonrandom, directed, mating and, basically female choice, whether it had an arbitrary beginning or not is anybodies guess.

yes it is

Because, unlike vegetables, which are plants, mushrooms are not plants. Mushrooms are fungi and can not make their own food but are saprophytes that absorb decaying organic matter as food.

Probably evolutionary development, evo devo. This reanimated division of biology has shown us that the genetic endowment of organisms is remarkably the same, only differences in control and length of gene expression separates such widely variant organisms, such as flies and humans.

Charles Darwin

Mutations.

They, when beneficial, provide variations of organisms genomes for natural selection. Beneficial mutations may confer a slight reproductive advantage to the organism so that genes " promoted " into the next generation change the allele frequency of the population causing evolution.