Evolution

A species evolves over time through the process of natural selection acting on individuals within a population. Individuals themselves do not evolve, as evolution refers to changes in the genetic composition of a population over generations.

Miroevolution is the change in allele frequency overtime in populations of organisms not leading to speciation; below the taxa level. Macroevolution is speciation.

This terminology is not favored by many biologists because there is some implied difference in processes. That is to get from micro to macro. Actually evolution long enough is macro. So, many biologist prefer the terms.

Evolution

Speciation

instead of micro and macro

Evolution was tinkering with gene regulation to drive changes in morphology and physiology. Michael Levine contributed by studying how these changes are regulated by enhancer elements and transcription factors, providing insights into how genetic instructions lead to the development and evolution of different species.

Overproduction of offspring means overproduction of variants that can not all live on the resources in their immediate environment. Thus those organisms who can survive to be reproductively successful in a limited resource environment are naturally selected for and pass these traits on to their offspring.

Scientists look for evidence of evolution in the fossil record, by studying similarities in DNA sequences among different species, by observing adaptations in living organisms, and by studying natural selection and genetic drift.

The founder of the theory of natural selection is Charles Darwin. Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed a similar theory of natural selection around the same time as Darwin, leading to both scientists presenting their work together in a joint paper in 1858.

Predation exerts selective pressure on prey populations, favoring individuals with traits that enhance their survival and reproduction. This leads to the evolution of adaptive features like camouflage, speed, or defensive mechanisms in prey species over time, improving their chances of survival and reproductive success in the face of predation pressure. As a result, predators drive the evolution of prey species towards better adaptation to evade or defend against predation, ultimately shaping the genetic makeup of prey populations.

Cytochrome c is a protein present in all aerobic organisms, and its sequence is highly conserved across species. By comparing the amino acid sequences of cytochrome c among different organisms, scientists can infer evolutionary relationships. The similarities and differences in cytochrome c sequences provide evidence for common ancestry and the process of evolution.

Organisms that only mate with their own kind are called "reproductively isolated" or "reproductively compatible" species. This behavior helps maintain genetic integrity within a species and prevents hybridization with other species.

A shorter generation time typically leads to a faster evolution rate because organisms can produce more offspring in a shorter amount of time, increasing the frequency of mutations and opportunities for natural selection to act. Conversely, a longer generation time can slow down evolution as changes are passed on less frequently to future generations.

There is no reason to think the same forces that shaped species in ages past are not still at operation. These forces are genetic drift and natural selection. And we find them still in operation, gradually modifying the phenotype of species. US sparrows, descended from European sparrows, have accumulated slight differences over just a few centuries. Drug resistance in various pathogenic bacteria is another example.

Replication is inexact--every individual is slightly different from its parents, and these changes accumulate.

One key piece of biochemical evidence supporting evolution is the similarity of genetic material across different species. For example, DNA analysis shows a high degree of similarity in the genes of humans and other primates, supporting the idea of a common ancestor. Additionally, the presence of vestigial structures and genes in organisms further supports the idea of evolution, as these features are remnants from ancestral forms.

That is known as natural selection, a key mechanism in the theory of evolution. Organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to future generations.

True. Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized the concept of common ancestry and drove biologists to consider evolutionary relationships when classifying organisms. This led to the development of the modern classification system based on evolutionary principles.

Variations in a species are needed for natural selection to occur because they provide the raw material for evolutionary change. Without variation, there would be no differences for natural selection to act upon, and individuals within a species would be identical. Variations allow some individuals to be better adapted to their environment, giving them a higher chance of survival and reproduction, thus driving the process of natural selection.

The environment plays a significant role in convergent evolution by selecting for similar traits in unrelated species that enable them to adapt to similar environmental pressures. Similar environments can lead to the evolution of similar features in separate lineages, even if they are not closely related. This process highlights the importance of natural selection in shaping the adaptations of species in response to their environment.

Paleontology, evolutionary biology, molecular cell biology, biochemistry, geology, genetics, biogeography, evolutionary development and so on and so on. The evidence is there in massive amounts.

talkorigins.org

To start your search. Many links there. NCSE ( National Center For Science Education ) is also a good source.

No. Some variations are detrimental and that is what natural selection selects on; the beneficial variation in the immediate environment survives and is reproductively successful, driving genes into the gene pool. The detrimental variation is culled and has lesser representation in the gene pool unto disappearance.

First of all, there is no 'twin gene' as such. The only genetic link to twinning is that of hyper-ovulation, in which the mother releases more than one egg at a time. If women in a particular family have the gene for hyper-ovulation then this will increase their chances of having dizygotic (non-identical) twins. There is no link between genes and identical twinning.

There is no scientific evidence to show that twins are more likely to skip a generation, although if hyper-ovulation runs in a family then it is more likely that twinning will occur across the different generations.

it could allow a species to forcefully adapt to the new given climate and evolve into a different species

Microevolution is not part of macroevolution. Microevolution involves small-scale changes within a species over a shorter period of time, while macroevolution involves larger scale changes that lead to the formation of new species over a longer period of time.

Yes, microevolution, which consists of small changes in allele frequencies within a population, can accumulate over time to bring about macroevolutionary changes such as the emergence of new species. This process occurs through mechanisms like genetic drift, natural selection, and gene flow.

Whatever physical attributes are most useful in the current environment. For instance if there was a group of rabbits, the fastest would avoid predators best, if it then mated with another fast rabbit the baby rabbits would all grow up to be faster.

Edwin Darwin did not propose a separate theory on evolution. The theory of evolution is commonly attributed to Charles Darwin, who put forth the concept of natural selection as the mechanism driving evolution. Edwin Darwin does not have a notable theory associated with evolution.

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution is considered a scientific theory because it is a well-substantiated explanation of natural phenomena based on evidence gathered through observation and experimentation. It has undergone rigorous testing and has been supported by a wide range of scientific disciplines, making it a foundational concept in biology.