Evolution

Scientists use various methods to study macroevolution, including fossil analysis, molecular genetics, comparative anatomy, and biogeography. By examining the patterns of change in species over long periods of time, scientists can gain insights into the processes driving macroevolutionary trends.

Evolution refers to the process by which living organisms have changed and diversified over time through natural selection, genetic drift, and other mechanisms. It explains how species adapt to their environments and how new species arise from existing ones through changes in their genetic makeup.

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposes that individual organisms that have favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits on to their offspring. Over time, this process can lead to the accumulation of traits that are beneficial for survival in a given environment, resulting in the gradual change of species over generations.

The rationale for supplier development is to improve the performance, quality, and reliability of suppliers, ultimately benefiting the buying organization. This evolution has progressed from a transactional approach to a more collaborative and strategic one, focusing on long-term relationships, knowledge sharing, and mutual growth between the buyer and supplier. By investing in supplier development, organizations can enhance supply chain efficiency, reduce risks, and drive innovation.

There is evidence to suggest that life may have originated around hydrothermal vents due to the unique chemical composition and energy sources present in these environments. The extreme conditions near hydrothermal vents, such as high temperatures and pressures, create an environment that could support the development of early life forms.

The only coin evolution pays in is reproductive success. Having two children who leave no offspring would not give you an advantage over having one child who leaves many offspring. Or any combination thereof. Twinning is a developmental thing of egg doubling or fraternal twins being just like siblings. So, the act of twinning would not seem to confer any more advantage in and of itself, but twins having successful offspring that drive many parental genes to fixation in a population of organism would be reproductively successful that way.

Prove is a term used in math. Comparative biochemistry supports with many lines of converging evidence the theory of evolution by natural selection.

For a brief example consider cytochrome C, the electron shuttle that shuttles electrons between the I and II complex of the electron transport chain. This biochemical process is highly conserved in many types of organisms, being remarkably the same process from organism to organism, but showing the expected slight genetic variation that can be tracked down the taxa to support the common ancestry of evolution.

Natural selection can lead to changes in allele frequencies within a gene pool by favoring certain alleles that provide individuals with a reproductive advantage in a particular environment. This can result in the increase of beneficial alleles and the decrease of detrimental ones over time. Ultimately, natural selection drives the process of evolution by shaping the genetic makeup of populations.

The fossil record, although not complete, provides a lot of evidence. There is also supporting evidence from geological studies, and the extensive human and nonhuman genome studies that are currently being done.

Small angle branching in an evolutionary tree indicates that the species or lineages are closely related and share a more recent common ancestor. It suggests that the divergence between these branches occurred relatively recently in evolutionary history. This type of branching is common when species have recently diversified or evolved rapidly.

The maximum numbers of chromosomes is found in a protozoan (Radiolarian Allocantha) where total number of chromosomes are 1600 i.e. 2N = 1600 (Haploid number of chromosomes).

Single individuals are naturally selected, but populations ( can be whole species ) evolve. Any mutation happening in the germ line of an individual will die with him. Only his progeny can inherit said mutation and evolve. Evolution is the change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms.

No. You even see these small differences in the same species. Could be just do to small nucleotide polymorphisms. A neutral change, such as coding for two different proteins made from amino acids doing the same job, such as two hydrophobic amino acids, would not change the function of the protein. This would make the variation invisible to natural selection.

To make this simple cytoplasmic inheritance is the inheritance of genes in organelles such as mitochondria that do not go through regular mitosis which is Mendelian inheritance. It is a bit more complex than this and can be easily Googled.

Inbreeding depression does not cause evolution because it reduces genetic variability within a population without introducing new genetic traits or variations. Evolution typically occurs through the introduction of new genetic variations, which can be selected for or against in a population over time. Inbreeding depression may increase the likelihood of certain traits being expressed due to the elevated prevalence of harmful recessive alleles, but it is not a mechanism for generating new traits or adaptations required for evolution.

The concept of natural selection is central to all evolutionary theories, as it explains how organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to future generations.

Darwin's theory of biological evolution explained how species change over time through the process of natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. This theory helped to provide a scientific explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and the relationships between different species.

The four pieces of evidence that scientists point to as proof of natural selection are the fossil record, biogeography, homologous structures, and observable natural selection in action. These pieces of evidence all support the idea that organisms have evolved over time through the process of natural selection.

im not sure about this but i think this is it.

Eonothem - Eon =4 total, half a billion years or more

Erathem- Era = 10 total, several hundred million years

System - Period

Series - Epoch =tens of millions of years

Stage- age =millions of years

Chronozone - Chron = subdivision of an age, not used by the ICS timescale

Virtually all species can be arranged into a nested hierarchy highly evocative of common ancestry. That was probably the pivotal piece of evidence launching the theory of evolution as the foundational science of biology.

There is also the fossil record which shows us that single celled organisms populated earth's oceans billions of years before the first multicellular organisms appeared. Multicellular organisms themselves dwelled solely in marine environments hundreds of millions of years before the first terrestrial forms gained ground. Fossils of plants and insects are common before any known terrestrial vertebrates. The first of these bear uncanny resemblance to sarcopterygian lungfish of the Devonian. The fossil evidence for evolution continues to mount from there--dinosaurs and birds dominating the mesozoic, mammals and flowering plants running rampant in the cenozoic.

In addition to the nested hierarchy and the fossil record there is substantial evidence from molecular biology in support of evolution. DNA sequences in eukaryotes accrue mutations at varying rates that help establish genetic clocks timing diversification events between species.

Embryological development is another key piece of evidence indicating common ancestry between species. There are numerous other substantial and significant pieces of evidence, but this small handful is a good start.

Convergent evolution is when unrelated organisms develop similar traits or characteristics due to living in similar environments. This can result in analogous structures that serve the same function but have different evolutionary origins.

No. Darwin had no idea of what a gene was and did not even know that inheritance is particulate. He held with a " blending " idea called panspermia that was totally incorrect.

Mendel, by mathematical analysis, found that heritability was based on the particulate " factor. " Today we call these " factors " genes.

The problems are many, but let's just leave it at the basic science, and not get into a larger worldview set of issues. The only reason to have that discussion here would be because subscribing to Darwin's theory would keep you from denying the existence of a creator, and therefore your world view would be different, but that would then be suggesting other world views to counter this one.

As we clearly see from the example above, the problems are NOT scientific, but cultural. Social turmoil was created as Darwin's theory overturned the popularly accepted religious account of origins. This same sort of upheaval occurred three hundred years earlier when Galileo overturned the religiously based geocentric model of our solar system, in essence "dethroning" man from his exalted place in the heavenly scheme of things.

The emergence of a new species is called speciation. This process occurs when a subgroup of a species becomes reproductively isolated from the rest of the population, leading to the evolution of distinct characteristics and eventually a new species.

When a population undergoes strong selection, individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to an increase in the frequency of those traits within the population. This can result in rapid evolutionary changes as the population adapts to its environment.