Fuel Cells

In a hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen gas is split into protons and electrons at the anode. The protons travel through an electrolyte, while the electrons flow through an external circuit, generating electricity. At the cathode, the protons and electrons combine with oxygen from the air to produce water as a byproduct.

One common by-product in a fuel cell is water. The chemical formula for water is H2O.

Filling fuel cells with lead shot would not be practical as the purpose of fuel cells is to convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Lead shot would not provide a suitable chemical reaction to generate electricity efficiently. Additionally, lead is a toxic material and using it in fuel cells could raise environmental and health concerns.

In a fuel cell, the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen occurs electrochemically, producing electricity as a byproduct. This process is more efficient and produces less waste compared to direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen, which releases energy in the form of heat without generating electricity. Fuel cells offer a cleaner and more controlled way to harness energy from hydrogen compared to combustion.

No, a fuel cell is not considered a secondary cell. Fuel cells generate electricity through a chemical reaction involving a fuel source and an oxidizing agent, without the need for recharging like secondary cells, such as batteries.

A hydrogen fuel cell is a type of electrochemical cell that produces electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen to generate power. The key difference is that in a hydrogen fuel cell, the reactants (hydrogen and oxygen) are continuously supplied externally to sustain the electricity generation process, while in a typical electrochemical cell, the reactants are contained within the cell and eventually get depleted.

the cheydaan

The by-product of a fuel cell is typically water vapor. This is because fuel cells generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, producing electricity, heat, and water as a result.

Some challenges with microbial fuel cells include low power output, slow reaction rates, and high production costs. Additionally, maintaining a stable microbial community within the fuel cell can be difficult, leading to fluctuations in performance and efficiency.

A fuel cell converts chemical energy to electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction. The fuel cell consists of an anode (negative terminal) and a cathode (positive terminal) separated by an electrolyte. Fuel (such as hydrogen) is fed to the anode and oxygen is fed to the cathode. At the anode, hydrogen is split into protons and electrons. The protons move through the electrolyte to the cathode, while the electrons flow through an external circuit, creating an electric current. At the cathode, the protons and electrons combine with oxygen to form water, releasing energy in the process.

The electrodes of a storage battery, particularly the lead - lead dioxide batteries commonly used in starting vehicles, may deteriorate because the discharge reaction requires one or both of the solid electrodes used to dissolve partially in the electrolyte, and the recharging reaction requires depositing new solid on both electrodes from the electrolyte. In order to maximize the possible output of electric current from a battery during the discharge or working phase, the electrodes have special surface characteristics that maximize their effective surface area. Both the charging and discharging phases of use of a battery of this type often decrease the effective surface area of the solid electrodes, and the recharging in particular may deposit solid on one or both of the electrodes in a shape that causes it to short to the other electrode.

This does not occur in fuel cells, because the solid electrodes of a fuel cell do not dissolve during use. Instead, the electrodes serve (1) as catalysts to promote the oxidation and reduction reactions of fuels supplied to the electrodes as liquids or gases dissolved in the electrolyte and (2) to accept or furnish the electrons needed for the reactions to occur at separate locations. Furthermore fuel cells never need recharging, because the reactants consumed are replenished from outside the fuel cell itself and not regenerated within the cell, as for a storage battery.

Uranium is the most energetic material available today.

Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode in a microbial fuel cell as a result of the electrochemical reactions occurring at the electrodes. During the oxidation of organic matter at the anode, electrons are released and travel through an external circuit to the cathode, where reduction reactions occur. This electron flow generates a current that can be harnessed for electricity production.

Phosphate buffer is commonly used in microbial fuel cells to help maintain a stable pH level within the system, as it acts as a buffer solution and resists pH changes. This is important for ensuring optimal microbial activity and performance of the fuel cell. Additionally, phosphate can serve as a nutrient source for the microbes in the system, promoting their growth and metabolic activity.

No, the anode is the positive electrode in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. At the anode, hydrogen gas is oxidized to produce protons and electrons. The electrons flow through an external circuit to the cathode, where they combine with oxygen and the protons to form water.

It explodes because of the high Energy and because it has a lot of isotopes and and if you put some Einsteinium in it, it will destroy a planet the size of Jupiter

+++

:-).

Seriously though, that is what a Fuel Cell is supposed to do - take Hydrogen and Oxygen, but to produce electricity in a controlled manner, not explode.

For every mole of oxygen consumed in the reaction 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O, two moles of water are produced. Therefore, if 0.633 moles of oxygen are consumed, the number of moles of water produced would be 2 x 0.633 = 1.266 moles.

There are 3 main types of a Fuel Cell.

1. Hydrogen Fuel Cell. This is the main one people use nowadays.

2. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell.

3. Alkaline Fuel cell. Made from Alkaline metals.

Water, when pure hydrogen is used. If the likes of longer chain alkanes are used, (which they can be in some), CO2 is generated, however, they are still more efficient than standard cars.

During generation of H2, the waste associated would be (at a guess) Oxygen which is not considered waste really, the poisoned catalyst (after time) be it a molecular catalyst or metal electrode surface, and I think the electrolytes after some time become problematic. In a molecular catalytic hydrogen generative system, you need a sacrificial donor molecule, such as triethylamine or triethanolamine.

Citric acid can act as a biodegradable and cost-effective alternative to traditional electrolytes in hydrogen fuel cells. It can help enhance conductivity and stability of the electrolyte, promoting efficient proton transfer during the fuel cell reaction.

The equation to calculate the voltage of a fuel cell is given by:
Vcell = E°cell - (RT/nF) ln(Q)
where Vcell is the cell potential, E°cell is the standard cell potential, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, n is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the cell reaction, F is Faraday's constant, and Q is the reaction quotient.

The cathode in a fuel cell is typically made from a material like platinum, which serves as a catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. The anode is usually made from a material like nickel, which helps facilitate the oxidation of the fuel.

Fuel cells primarily rely on hydrogen as their energy source. Hydrogen gas is fed into the fuel cell where it reacts with oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water as byproducts.

The substance that supplies energy to fuel cell activity is typically hydrogen. It is used as the fuel source in the anode compartment of the fuel cell and undergoes a reaction that produces electrons and protons, which then generate electricity.

water vapour