Laboratory Testing

BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen, and it is a common test to measure kidney function and hydration status. Elevated BUN levels can indicate kidney dysfunction or dehydration, while low levels may be a sign of liver disease or malnutrition. It is usually interpreted in conjunction with other tests to provide a more complete picture of the patient's health.

Paternity tests are highly accurate, with a very low margin of error. However, there is a very small chance of error due to factors like laboratory error or sample mix-up. It is always recommended to use a reputable and accredited testing facility to reduce the risk of incorrect results.

"FBC" stands for Full Blood Count. It is a common blood test that provides valuable information about the number and types of blood cells in the body, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This test helps in diagnosing various medical conditions such as anemia, infection, and clotting disorders.

A CBC is a complete blood count test that provides information about the different types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is commonly used to help diagnose various conditions such as anemia, infections, and leukemia. The test results can also give insight into overall health and hydration status.

Cytotechnologist is a laboratory technician who primarily deals with the recognition and identification of abnormal cells, such as those found in cancers, pre-cancerous tissues, and viral infections.

Yes, it is possible for a woman with type O blood and a man with type O blood to have a child with type B blood if both parents are carriers of the B blood type gene. Blood type inheritance follows genetic patterns, so any combination of parents can have a child with a different blood type than their own.

Strep bacteria do not typically survive well in the air because they require a host to thrive. However, they can be spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, leading to potential transmission to others.

The function of tRNA includes the transfer of amino acids to ribosome, matching the anticodon with an amino acid, and forming hydrogen bonds between anticodons and mRNA codons. Because the amino acid and anticodons are at the ends of the RNA it will be able to match together, its small size allows it to transfer amino acids to the ribosome, and since the anticodon is at the end of the tRNA it will be able to form hydrogen bonds with mRNA codons.

The average adult human has about 10 pints of blood in their body, but you can survive with as little as 6 pints. The exact amount needed varies depending on factors like size, health, and medical condition.

A sudden change in chromosomes is called a chromosomal mutation. This can involve alterations in the structure or number of chromosomes. Examples include deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations.

The Gram reaction is used to classify bacteria into two broad categories, Gram positive and Gram negative. The Gram stain characteristics of a bacterium depends on its cell wall components and thickness. The viruses do not have any cell walls or other equivalent. The viruses are too small to be seen by light microscopy, only exception is the Pox virus. So the Gram stain is not appropriate for virus identification. However, if one is able to see papilloma virus through light microscope, these may appear Gram negative. Because the crystal violet dye would be removed by decolorizer, and the counterstain (safranin or carbol fuchsin) would show its color.

UTI is nearly always caused by bacteria. Urine contains a range of salts, fluids and waste products, but is usually bacterium-free. When bacteria enter the urinary tract, e.g. the bladder or kidney, they can reproduce rapidly in the urine, causing urinary tract infection.

RDW stands for red cell distribution width. It is a measure of the variation in size of red blood cells. An increased RDW value may indicate a variety of conditions, such as anemia or vitamin deficiencies.

A low white blood cell count (WBC) typically indicates a weakened immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections. It can be caused by certain medications, viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or bone marrow problems. Further medical evaluation is needed to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

A white cell count of 14.5 indicates an elevated number of white blood cells in the body, which could be a sign of infection, inflammation, or other medical conditions. Further evaluation by a healthcare provider is needed to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

A beta hcg is a blood test given in early pregnancy to measure the quantity or amount of hcg, the pregnancy hormone. This test can be done as early as a week after ovulation, even before a positive hpt. The result or number of hcg detected will vary from woman to woman and pregnancy to pregnancy.

the transfusion reaction doesn't occur the first time an Rh+ patient is exposed to Rh- blood because the Rh+ patients body hasn't created the antibodies needed to attack the Rh- blood that it comes in contact with. the second time the Rh+ patients body comes in contact with Rh- blood, it will have the antibodies necessary to fight against Rh- blood.

It is unlikely for a female to experience significant height gain after the age of 18-19, as growth plates typically close around this age. Any perceived increase in height could be due to posture changes or other factors.

Overheating the bacterial smear can result in distortion or destruction of the bacterial cells, making it difficult to observe them under the microscope. This can lead to inaccurate or inconclusive results when trying to identify the bacteria present on the smear.

Qualification: A documented testing that demonstrates with a high degree of assurance that a specific process will meet its pre-determined acceptance criteria. Validation: A documented testing, performed under highly controlled conditions, which demonstrates a process consistently produces a result meeting pre- determined acceptance criteria While qualification is used to provide a high degree of assurance that a process is replicable under anticipated variable ranges, validation is used to describe how a system will perform under highly controlled conditions. Based on the definitions above, it is easy to see how these definitions are interchanged. However, the key difference is determined by whether or not the process under review operates under 'highly controlled' conditions. Answerd By S.K. Karimullah PharmEvo, Karachi, Pakistan

There are three alleles for human blood groups. A, B and O.

A and B are codominant, so are expressed together when this genotype is formed. AB.

O is recessive and does not expresse unless it is homozygous recessive in expresion. OO. If, say, AO is the expression then only A would be expressed.

Yes it is. Among other regions such as the nervous system and the muscles which are also sterile.

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The materials themselves are, but they can carry pathogens that may not be hurting the host but could infect anyone else.

Yes, blood agar can be used to grow certain types of bacteria in petri dishes. The blood provides nutrients that some bacteria need for growth, and can also help differentiate different bacterial species based on how they interact with the blood components. Blood agar is commonly used in microbiology labs for culturing and identifying bacteria.

Is 25-50 a normal white cell blood count

Intermittent bacteremia is a condition where bacteria are intermittently present in the bloodstream. This can occur during infections or due to certain medical procedures that introduce bacteria into the bloodstream, leading to temporary bacteremia. It is important to identify and treat the underlying cause to prevent complications.