Biotechnology

5 and 7 Step Methods The 5 Step Method: define the problem create a prediction that provides explanation create a scientific procedure to test the ideas observation of results in the procedure form a conclusion based on all of the other steps. The 7 Step Mehod: Ask and define the question. Gather information and resources through observation. Form a hypothesis. Perform one or more experiments and collect and sort data. Analyze the data. Interpret the data and make conclusions that point to a hypothesis. Formulate a "final" or "finished" hypothesis. With the investigation concluded, the published results will be verified by other investigators, and the "tested" knowledge integrated into a larger whole of scientific information. More Information: It is important to note that there is no one single scientific method. Every experiment is different and may or may not follow the exact steps; science is less structured than most realize. However, there are key elements of the experimental process that we can identify. In experiments (and in everyday life), scientists (and non-scientists) use hypothetico-deductive reasoning, or "If...then logic" to identify and test problems and solutions. The start of every experiment does not start with "asking a question." It actually starts just before that. If you think about it, you cannot ask a question without identifying a problem that you observe. You do not ask "how does an owl hunt at night?" without first observing that an owl successfully captures mice as a food source at night. So this is where we start -- observation. Now we go to our question. You have just observed a natural phenomenon, and now comes the time to question why this is. As is our nature, we set out to answer this question. But first we need a tentative solution to our problem/question in order to test this theory. This is called a hypothesis; an educated guess. It is important that this hypothesis be able to test in an experiment. In other words, your hypothesis cannot be "because ghosts are playing tricks", because this is untestable and outside the realm of science. So we have our tentative answer to our problem/question, and now we need to test this hypothesis. But usually we don't rush head-on into a task without knowing what our result should be. Therefore, we make a prediction, which will explain our results. We have our hypothesis that we're going to test, and we have our predicted result should the hypothesis be true. Finally, we get to test and perform the experiment. If this test supports the hypothesis, then additional predictions may be made and another test is performed. If the test does not support the hypothesis, then revision of the hypothesis is needed and a retest is performed. Application of hypothetico-deductive reasoning Observation: My flashlight doesn't work Question: What's wrong with my flashlight? Hypothesis: The flashlight's batteries are dead. Prediction: If this hypothesis is correct Experiment: and I replace the batteries with new ones, Predicted Result: then the flashlight should work. Step 1. Problem/Question Step 2. Hypothesis Step 3. Method/Experiment Step 4. Conclusion

Most DNA databanks contain data from non-human organisms like animals, plants, bacteria and viruses. This information is used in basic biological research and medical research. Some specialized DNA databases exist for other purposes Previous answer: They help law enforcement agencies to identify and prosecute criminals using genetic evidence gathered from crime scenes. Also, they are used by doctors and hospitals to establish relationships like Paternity test.

40% This also lets us know that the AT ratio is 60%

The boiling point of water at 3 bar is 143.6 degrees Celsius.

A person passed 10+2 with phy.,chem.,biology OR agriculture,can choose Biotechnology. Biotechnology is a life science course related to the genetic matters DNA & RNA and also one can learn how the genetic matter is transferred from one generation to the other. Also one can learn the techniques like the recombinant DNA technology , Tissue culture and also Genetic engineering.

Bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine. Genetically modified bacteria are used to produce the protein insulin to treat diabetes. Similar bacteria have been used to produce clotting factors to treat haemophilia, and human growth hormone to treat various forms of dwarfism. anuj kedia (b.tech-biotech) bhagwant university. ajmer rajasthan.

there is a fill point on the cylinder itself, the manual says to keep in an upright position but i just did it on the ground. i thought at first it was either the flat-head cap or the hex-key but those are NOT it!! those are adjustments and the hex-key contains ball-bearings!! (if you have happened to take them off and tip it sideways and the bearings fall out, the smaller bearing goes in first ;) lol ) I also found it easier to put the handle back in, with the jack all the way lowered let the handle drop to the ground, on the cylinder you will see a little "hump", that is the fill spot, it's just a rubber plug painted silver to match the jack. i used a flat-head to pop it off, i just guessed on how much to put in, i think i added a quarter qt bottle, otherwise put the plug back in and test it after adding so much at a time. (note, it will still jack slow if there is no load (weight) on it, also if it jacks up fine but takes a long time to release or go down, that's a sign of "over-filling"- try to avoid that and empty some out if that happens)

Poly Ethylene Glycol

Though biotechnology is still not widely used in the banking industry there is still a lot of scope to improve security measures on banking transactions. Banks have started using Biometric ATM machines that scan a customer's Retina or use his Finger print to validate transactions. Also most banks safety vaults are secured using biometric recognition security devices.

The Chromosomes.

Nutrient broth usually increases movement in amoebas.

Sticky ends of DNA are when one strand of DNA is longer than the other by a few bases, called overhangs. these are very important when using many vectors!

If we are talking about viruses and their RNA genomes(eg:HIV), the negative strand DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase occurs in the host cells, when the virus infects the host. And then, plus DNA formed by complementing this minus DNA.

Osmotically dried raisins or cranberries are dried by having their moisture removed by osmosis rather than by heat drying or some other process. Some reasons for using this method include energy savings and improvement in the end product.

In a M13 phage we can insert about 1-4 kb of target DNA sequence which is its maximum insert capacity.

Gene therapy is a method of treatment. It is specifically used to treat patients who are suffering from diseases due to defective genes. Essentially, the treatment involves researchers replacing the defective or faulty genes with a normal functioning gene. It involves: 1) Detection of gene 2)Determination & its role 3)Isolation & cloning 4)Introducing the gene by proper way. This is either germline gene therapy (done in germ cells) or somatic gene therapy (done in somatic cells).

Biotechnology is essentially the use of technology to make biological processes benifit mankind. Advantages include: * The design of diagnostic kits * The creation of genome analysis tools through bioinformatics * Genetic engineering techniques to improve food crops * Molecular biology method to help understand the nature of diseases * Finding targets for drugs * Molecular breeding methods to help improve livestock * Creation of genetically modified foods to feed the ever growing world population * Use of DNA fingerprinting in the court of law * Use of the PCR reaction to clone DNA and make millions of identical copies * Use of stem cells to treat diseases * Diagnosing genetic disorders The disadvantages include ethical and moral issues surrounding cloning and the effect this has on society.

The nucleus is the control center... just like our brain for our body!

To separate strands of DNA based on their size. Shorter strands will migrate more slowly than larger strands. ** Also because DNA is slightly negatively charged, it will move toward the positive end of the electrodes... this is why the current is used when running a gel. Short strand move further** than large ones due to the gel resistance.

Thrombolytic therapy is used to dissolve blood clots that could cause serious, and possibly life-threatening, damage if they are not removed. Research suggests that when used to treat stroke, thrombolytic therapy can prevent or reverse paralysis.

yeast cells

Gram was a scientist who invented a technique called Gram staining by which bacteria can be colorized and divided into two groups. Gram positive appearance: blue to transfer to purple Structure: Have thick layer of peptidoglycan over inner cytoplasmic membrane. They lack LPS-lipopolysaccharides. Gram negative appearance: pink to transfer to red Structure: In gram negative bacteria the peptidoglycan layer is thinner and is located between space of the outer and inner cytoplasmic membrane. The cell wall contains LPS, which make them virulent.

Ubiquinones are not made of protein; cytochromes are

bioinformatics includes certain tools and software which are used at molecular level. for example for sequencing of DNA. in which an orf reader recognizes the open reading frame of the proteins trancribed and tranlated fron original DNA.

In genetic engineering, the bacterial cell takes up the plasmid