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Hepatocytes cultured in a three-dimensional environment using bioreactors, hanging drop methods, collagen sandwich cultures, micro-space cultures, collagen and matrigel cultures, and other synthetic biomaterials have been shown to be tissue-specific and possess many hallmarks of in vivo epithelial cells.

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40%

This also lets us know that the AT ratio is 60%

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The boiling point of water at 3 bar is 143.6 degrees Celsius.

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A person passed 10+2 with phy.,chem.,biology OR agriculture,can choose Biotechnology.

Biotechnology is a life science course related to the genetic matters DNA & RNA and also one can learn how the genetic matter is transferred from one generation to the other. Also one can learn the techniques like the recombinant DNA technology , Tissue culture and also Genetic engineering.

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Bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine.

Genetically modified bacteria are used to produce the protein insulin to treat diabetes. Similar bacteria have been used to produce clotting factors to treat haemophilia, and human growth hormone to treat various forms of dwarfism.

anuj kedia (b.tech-biotech)

bhagwant university.

ajmer rajasthan.

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there is a fill point on the cylinder itself, the manual says to keep in an upright position but i just did it on the ground. i thought at first it was either the flat-head cap or the hex-key but those are NOT it!! those are adjustments and the hex-key contains ball-bearings!! (if you have happened to take them off and tip it sideways and the bearings fall out, the smaller bearing goes in first ;) lol ) I also found it easier to put the handle back in, with the jack all the way lowered let the handle drop to the ground, on the cylinder you will see a little "hump", that is the fill spot, it's just a rubber plug painted silver to match the jack. i used a flat-head to pop it off, i just guessed on how much to put in, i think i added a quarter qt bottle, otherwise put the plug back in and test it after adding so much at a time.

(note, it will still jack slow if there is no load (weight) on it, also if it jacks up fine but takes a long time to release or go down, that's a sign of "over-filling"- try to avoid that and empty some out if that happens)

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Poly Ethylene Glycol

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Though biotechnology is still not widely used in the banking industry there is still a lot of scope to improve security measures on banking transactions. Banks have started using Biometric ATM machines that scan a customer's Retina or use his Finger print to validate transactions. Also most banks safety vaults are secured using biometric recognition security devices.

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The Chromosomes.

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Nutrient broth usually increases movement in amoebas.

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If we are talking about viruses and their RNA genomes(eg:HIV), the negative strand DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase occurs in the host cells, when the virus infects the host. And then, plus DNA formed by complementing this minus DNA.

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Sticky ends of DNA are when one strand of DNA is longer than the other by a few bases, called overhangs.

these are very important when using many vectors!

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Osmotically dried raisins or cranberries are dried by having their moisture removed by osmosis rather than by heat drying or some other process. Some reasons for using this method include energy savings and improvement in the end product.

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In a M13 phage we can insert about 1-4 kb of target DNA sequence which is its maximum insert capacity.

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In genetic engineering, the bacterial cell takes up the plasmid

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Gene therapy is a method of treatment. It is specifically used to treat patients who are suffering from diseases due to defective genes. Essentially, the treatment involves researchers replacing the defective or faulty genes with a normal functioning gene.

It involves:

1) Detection of gene

2)Determination & its role

3)Isolation & cloning

4)Introducing the gene by proper way. This is either germline gene therapy (done in germ cells) or somatic gene therapy (done in somatic cells).

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Biotechnology is essentially the use of technology to make biological processes benifit mankind. Advantages include: * The design of diagnostic kits * The creation of genome analysis tools through bioinformatics * Genetic engineering techniques to improve food crops * Molecular biology method to help understand the nature of diseases * Finding targets for drugs * Molecular breeding methods to help improve livestock * Creation of genetically modified foods to feed the ever growing world population * Use of DNA fingerprinting in the court of law * Use of the PCR reaction to clone DNA and make millions of identical copies * Use of stem cells to treat diseases * Diagnosing genetic disorders The disadvantages include ethical and moral issues surrounding cloning and the effect this has on society.

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The honds were blood red

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The nucleus is the control center... just like our brain for our body!

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To separate strands of DNA based on their size. Shorter strands will migrate more slowly than larger strands.

** Also because DNA is slightly negatively charged, it will move toward the positive end of the electrodes... this is why the current is used when running a gel. Short strand move further** than large ones due to the gel resistance.

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Thrombolytic therapy is used to dissolve blood clots that could cause serious, and possibly life-threatening, damage if they are not removed. Research suggests that when used to treat stroke, thrombolytic therapy can prevent or reverse paralysis.

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yeast cells

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bioinformatics includes certain tools and software which are used at molecular level. for example for sequencing of DNA. in which an orf reader recognizes the open reading frame of the proteins trancribed and tranlated fron original DNA.

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Ubiquinones are not made of protein; cytochromes are