Lungs

Chest size can influence lung volume to some extent, as a larger thoracic cavity may provide more space for the lungs to expand. However, lung volume is primarily determined by factors such as genetics, age, sex, and overall health rather than chest size alone. Additionally, lung capacity is more closely related to the diaphragm and the respiratory muscles' functionality. Thus, while there may be some correlation, it is not a direct relationship.

Calcification in a lung during imaging (x-ray, CT) can be caused by an infection that previously healed, by exposure to dust (for instance, silica dust at a job), or can be a sign of cancer or a rheumatological disease. The cause is usually not cancerous. Your health care provider will consider recommended follow-up testing based on your history and physical exam.

The exchange of gases in the lungs primarily occurs in the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs located at the end of the bronchial tubes. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli into the surrounding capillaries, where it enters the bloodstream. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled. This process is essential for maintaining proper oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body.

approximatly 5 and a half (5.5)

mucus

The respiratory network that reroutes and slows incoming airflow is primarily the pneumotaxic center located in the pons of the brainstem. This center helps regulate the rate and pattern of breathing, ensuring that inhaled air mixes effectively with residual gases in the lungs. By controlling the timing of inhalation and exhalation, it allows for optimal gas exchange and enhances oxygen absorption.

Air rushes into our lungs when we inhale due to a decrease in pressure within the thoracic cavity created by the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. As the diaphragm flattens and the chest expands, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, leading to a drop in pressure relative to the outside atmosphere. This pressure difference causes air to flow in through the nose or mouth and into the lungs, where it is exchanged for carbon dioxide.

That would be the heart. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart's left ventricle, it then travels through the left atrium and out the aorta into the arteries and then the arterioles. It then enters the capillaries, here the oxygen diffuses into the cells of the body, and carbon dioxide diffused into the capillaries and bloodstream. The blood then continues to the veinoles, veins and back into the heart through the inferior or superior vena cava, into the right ventricle, right atrium and out through the pulmonary artery to collect oxygen from the lungs again. So starting from the beginning, the diagram of blood flow is as follows:

Lungs - pulmonary vein - left ventricle - left atrium - aorta - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - veinoles - veins - superior/inferior vena cava - right ventricle - right atrium - pulmonary artery. And the cycle continues :)

Air moves from the sinuses into the trachea, the esophagus is part of the digestive tract.

Oxygen in the lungs and passes through the alveoli, small sacs which allow gas exchange, and enters the blood to be pumped throughout the body.

The vessels that surround the alveoli of the lungs are called pulmonary capillaries. These tiny blood vessels facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood. The close proximity of the capillaries to the alveoli allows for efficient gas exchange, which is essential for respiration.

When lungs are affected by pneumonia, they often appear inflamed and filled with fluid or pus. On imaging studies like X-rays, infected areas may show as opaque, white patches indicating consolidation, while healthy lung tissue appears darker. The affected lung tissue may also exhibit a loss of normal structure, with airways potentially becoming obstructed. Overall, the lungs look denser and less transparent compared to healthy lungs.

Goblet cells are absent in bronchioles and alveoli primarily because these regions of the respiratory system are specialized for gas exchange rather than mucus production. In bronchioles, Clara cells (or club cells) take over the role of secreting substances that protect the airway and maintain its integrity without producing mucus. In alveoli, the thin walls and large surface area are crucial for efficient gas exchange, and the presence of mucus would hinder this process. Instead, alveolar type I and type II cells are present, with type II cells producing surfactant to reduce surface tension.

Fish do not have bronchi; instead, they possess gills for respiration. Gills are specialized organs that extract oxygen from water, allowing fish to breathe underwater. Unlike mammals, which have a lung system that includes bronchi to transport air, fish have a different anatomical structure tailored to their aquatic environment.

Air moves from the larynx into the bronchial tubes then enters the lungs and is filtered into oxygen and other components by the avioli. The oxygen goes to the blood, and the other molecules (nitrogen, argon,helium,hydrogen etc.) are breathed out.

You can find simple squamous epithelial tissue in alveoli in lungs. The reason of it, is that simple squamous cells are very thin and they pass the gases through very easily. As you know the alveoli's' role is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, thin walls help to do it quicker.

bronchi divides in primary bronchi . Which divides in secondary and tertiary.

Yes: rats are mammals so they breathe using lungs.

Air is a mixture of gases.When we inhale we reduce pressure in our lungs and thus air is diffused in our lungs.This diffusion takes place inside the lungs and between the bronchities.Here the air passage is the trachea/wind pipe.

A vertical tube of spinning air is a mesocyclone.

It depends on a number of factors such as age, heart rate and depth of breathing. However, on average a human being exhales around 40,000 PPM of CO2.