Measuring Tools

A flexible steel rule, spring assisted, that coils to its own case after use

A vernier caliper

Their Vernier scale consists of two readings; the Vernier scale and the main scale. One can read that by the first line is the main scale and the next line is the Vernier reading.

The term rule in this context is synonymous with ruler, a marked strip that can be used to measure length. A flexible steel rule is make of thin, flexible steel.

The vertical angles are all measured from an assumed horizontal plane....e.g. level ground. So the instrument must be carefully "leveled" when you set it up (usually on a tripod). The course adjustment for the instrument starts with the tripod legs, then the leveling screws of the base, and the leveling of the sight tube. Rotating the instrument to various horizontal azimuths helps to confirm the instrument is level no matter which direction it faces.

Horizontal angles are often referenced to North (which can be either true north or magnetic north) but on building construction sites, its more important to align to a structural element of the building, usually a side of the foundation. So many times a corner point serves as the start and all horizontal angles are measured relative to a side of the structure starting from the corner point to another corner point.

The precision of the theodolite lies in the direct reading micrometer scale in the telescope (sighting tube). The transit (the poor brother of the theodolite) often uses vernier scales for measurement. When you sight on the target with the telescope, the horizontal angle is read off the circle (scale at the rotating base of the telescope), and the vertical angle is read directly from the micrometer scale seen in the telescope.

Its a good practice to take a reading and record both angles. Then rotate the telescope completely in one direction (say clockwise) and take a second reading and record both angles. Then rotate the telescope completely in the opposite direction and take a third set of readings and record them. Then calculate the average vertical angle and the average horizontal angle...and it is more likely that if anyone were to repeat these measurements, they would probably come closer to the averages of your measurements than to any one of the three individual measurements you took.

Keep in mind that as the day goes on, temperatures tend to rise..and heat causes most materials to expand and could throw things out of whack. Also, over long distances, heat shimmer can make it difficult to accurately sight on the target even with magnification of the telescope. So shading the instrument and planning your work earlier in the day when temperatures are cooler can also factor into the precision of your measurements

One full revolution of the thimble on a micrometer typically equals the pitch of the thread on the spindle, which is usually 0.5 mm. This means that each full rotation of the thimble will advance the spindle by 0.5 mm.

You need different tools these measurements.

For mass you want a scale or balance.

You can only use the same tool for length and volume (a ruler, caliper or similar) if the object you are measuring is a well defined solid with known geometric shape.

Otherwise you will have to perform a measuring experiment for example put the object you want to determine the volume of in a graduated cylinder, pour a known volume of liquid into the cylinder, read the volume and subtract to determine the object's volume.

Usually from stainless steel.

where is 11.7 inches on a measuring tape

The first step is to find the zero error and hence the zero correction. Rotate the micrometer until the fixed and movable jaws contact each other - not too hard and not too soft but just right, you should geta feel for this. Rarely will a micrometer will read zero. You need to figure out the zero error. It may be positive or negative. If the zero error is positive then the zero correction is negative and vicevers. Now open the micrometer and insert the object to be measured and close the micrometer with ideally the same sense of pressure you felt when you found the zero error. Now read the micrometer. You add the zero correction to get the true value.

If you live East of the Atlantic Ocean (ex. North America), you would use miles.

If you live West of the Atlantic Ocean (ex. Europe), you would use kilometers

ruler, temperature, tape measure, graduated cylinder, linear measurements

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Vernier callipers are made in various sizes. The range would depend on the size.

The most usual size is 0 - 150 mm

It is less than a micrometer but greater than a non vernier caliper or ruler.

quantity for measuring vernier caliper is what

• pH meter to measure the acidity
• ruler or caliper for linear dimensions
• tape measure for the circumference
• scale for the mass
• colorimeter for the hue or color
• thermometer for the temperature
• Geiger meter for the radioactivity
• ...

• Very low freezing point (you can leave your spirit level outdoors in winter even in Finland)
• Low viscosity (the bubble moves freely and the same whether warm or cold)

Certainly. Precision and accuracy do not mean quite the same thing.

All measuring tools need to be recalibrated from time to time against a standard.

For instance you can get a very precise reading from a micrometer or vernier gage but if it has not been correctly calibrated the reading will not be accurate.

Ovality and Taper Guages are used

0.01 mm

To measure distance from 0 to about 30 feet.

It depends on what you are trying to measure. If you are measuring the length of a car, for example, any reading obtained using vernier callipers is likely to be totally useless.

The key is to select a tool that is appropriate to the task.

A vernier caliper.

A ruler, Tape measure, Meter stick