Mining

The largest platinum deposit in Canada is near Sudbury, Ontario

Nickel and telluride minerals are mined at Kalgoorlie.

However, Kalgoorlie is best known for its rich gold deposits. Gold is a metal, not a mineral.

Reclamation is the process of restoring mined land to its original state by implementing measures such as planting vegetation, reshaping the land, and managing water resources to mitigate environmental impacts and support ecosystem recovery.

Using a blast furnace to extract iron from its ore is cost-effective and efficient due to economies of scale and high production volumes. The initial setup cost of a blast furnace is high, but it pays off in the long run by producing large quantities of iron at a lower cost per unit. Additionally, advancements in technology have made the process more energy efficient, further reducing operational costs.

Gold is typically extracted from gold ore through a process called cyanidation, which involves leaching the gold out of the ore using cyanide solution. The gold then forms a soluble cyanide-gold complex that is extracted from the solution through various methods, such as carbon adsorption or precipitation. Finally, the gold is further purified and refined to remove impurities and obtain pure gold.

"lb" is an abbreviation for "pound," which is a unit of weight used in the imperial system of measurement. It is commonly used in the United States.

"Fool's gold" is a term used to describe the mineral pyrite, which looks similar to real gold but is actually iron sulfide. In kids' language, you could explain it by saying that fool's gold is a shiny mineral that may look like gold, but it's not the real thing.

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Gold is much rarer (i.e. there is less of it and what there is is harder to find) than aluminum.

There is also demand for gold due to special properties that it has that aluminum doesn't that increases the price. Gold is a much more attractive metal than aluminum. Gold does not corrode, while aluminum almost instantly corrodes on contact with air or water producing a hard transparent insulating coating on its surface.

Froth flotation is a mineral processing method used to separate minerals from ore based on their hydrophobicity. It involves adding reagents to create a froth layer on top of a slurry, where the hydrophobic particles attach to bubbles and rise to the surface, while hydrophilic particles remain in the bulk solution. The froth containing the hydrophobic particles can then be collected as the concentrate, while the hydrophilic particles are discarded as tailings.

Before an ore can be made into a product, it needs to undergo several steps such as mining, crushing, grinding, concentrating, smelting, and refining. These processes involve extracting the valuable minerals from the ore, purifying them, and then shaping them into the final product through various manufacturing techniques. Quality control measures are also essential throughout these steps to ensure the final product meets the desired specifications.

Coal dust is considered a physical toxicant because it can cause harm through its physical properties, such as being inhaled and causing respiratory issues or skin irritation. Chemical toxicants, on the other hand, refer to substances that cause harm due to their chemical properties or composition.

Mineral deposits form through a variety of processes such as hydrothermal activity, precipitation from aqueous solutions, and crystallization from magma. These processes involve the concentration of minerals in specific locations over long periods of time, leading to the formation of mineral deposits.

Color is the observable color of a mineral specimen in natural light. Streak is the color of a mineral when powdered. The color of a specific mineral specimen may be different than its streak color. Because many impurities can alter the color of a mineral, but not the streak, streak is a more accurate predictor in mineral identification.

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Rutile is the ore of titanium. It is a mineral that primarily consists of titanium dioxide and is a major source of titanium metal.

The mineral graphite is soft enough to leave a mark on paper. We use graphite, which is a form of carbon, as pencil lead. And it works pretty darn well at leaving marks on paper.

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Pyrite is metallic and has a pale brass-gold hue. This is why people gave it the nickname of "fool's gold".

Aluminum is extracted by electrolysis of molten aluminum oxide (alumina) in a process called the Hall-Héroult process. The aluminum oxide is dissolved in a molten cryolite bath, which lowers the melting point and allows for electrolysis to occur at a lower temperature. Electrolysis breaks down the alumina into aluminum and oxygen, with the aluminum collecting at the cathode. This method is preferred because aluminum has a high melting point and cannot be easily reduced using traditional methods.

Ruby crystals form at high temperatures, between 620 and 670°C. They appear to be the features of distal hydrothermal reactions with marble. "They are formed mainly in high-grade metamorphic environments where hydrothermal fluids meet limestone," (Waltham, 1999, p. 144). When there are rutile inclusions present in cabochons, there is a star effect.

Rubies are made of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide with the element chromium giving the gemstone its red color. The intensity and shade of red in rubies can vary based on the amount of chromium present in the crystal structure. Inclusions of other minerals or elements can also affect the ruby's appearance and value.

The properties of a mineral are primarily the result of its chemical composition and atomic structure. These factors determine characteristics such as color, hardness, cleavage, and crystal form in a mineral.

The process is called smelting. It involves heating the ore to high temperatures in a furnace with a reducing agent, which helps remove impurities such as oxygen and sulfur, leaving behind the desired metal. The molten metal is then separated and cast into ingots for further processing.