Nuclear Reactors

For the PWR, the reactor core which is an array of fuel assemblies, inside a very strong pressure vessel made of thick steel. The top of the vessel is removable for fuelling, and also holds the control rods and their mechanisms. The whole thing is enclosed in a secondary containment. Also inside this is the primary circuit which circulates water through the core to carry away the heat produced by the fuel assemblies, and the secondary circuit steam raising units which send steam to the turbine. See link below

1. Dhruva reactor:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhruva_reactor

This reactor is a larger version of CIRUS and can produce up to 25 KG of plutonium per year. No statement has been made about shutting down this reactor, presumably India feels it is not obliged to because unlike CIRUS it was designed and built using Indian resources.

2. CIRUS reactor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIRUS_reactor. The CIRUS design is based on Canada's Chalk River reactor and was built with Canadian help. India has announced that this reactor will be shutdown in 2010 in accordance with the terms of the recent US-India nuclear deal. CIRUS can produce up to 10 kg of plutonium in a year.

3. KAMINI reactor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAMINI 4. APSARA reactor http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/about/mile.htm

There are two main types of nuclear reactions: fission and fusion. Fission is the process where a heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy. Fusion is the process where two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, also releasing large amounts of energy.

Nuclear reactors have the potential to cause catastrophic accidents, such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, which can have long-lasting impacts. However, when operated safely, nuclear power is a reliable and low-carbon energy source. Each type of energy resource has its own risks and benefits, and it is important to consider all factors when evaluating their safety and environmental impact.

In general, if we lower the control rods, the rate of nuclear reactions decreases. The control rods are neutron absorbers, and lowering them will push them into the upper area of the core where fissions are occurring. The neutrons released during these fission events may be absorbed by the control rods that have just been lowered into the vicinity. This will cause the rate of fission to go down.

In a nuclear reactor, energy is transferred through a process called nuclear fission. Uranium atoms split apart, releasing large amounts of energy in the form of heat. This heat is then used to generate steam, which drives turbines connected to generators to produce electricity.

In a nuclear reactor, the controlled splitting of atoms (nuclear fission) generates heat, which is used to produce steam from water. The steam then drives turbines that are connected to generators, producing electricity. The process essentially harnesses the heat energy released during nuclear fission to produce electricity.

Generally speaking, a nuclear meltdown involves the release of highly radioactive materials into the nuclear plant where the reactor is. These very nasty substances may not be held within a containment structure, and they could escape into the environment. Once loose, they pose a threat to all life within the area. Further, the radioactive materials may be carried by air into surrounding regions, or captured by ground water and spread further in that manner.

Radioactive materials can cause tissue damage, and if even small amounts are ingested or (worse) inhaled, they can irradiate a living thing from the inside. Radioactive contamination of an area may make it unsuitable for habitation by people, and we could see a whole city evacuated and left to become a ghost town. The Russian city of Pripyat (in Ukraine) is a prime example.

Levels of radioactivity may not be sufficient to be "immediately" fatal to life in the area, but cancers and other medical issues will spike for individuals exposed. More people will become ill and die than would have in there were no radiation. Birth defects will become more frequent as well among peoples living in a radioactive environment.

In a nuclear reactor, energy is released through a process called nuclear fission, where the nucleus of an atom is split into smaller fragments, releasing a large amount of heat energy. This heat energy is used to generate steam, which drives turbines connected to electrical generators, producing electricity. Control rods are used to regulate the rate of fission to maintain a steady energy output.

A nuclear reactor is surrounded by several layers of physical barriers designed to contain and shield the reactor core. These layers typically include a reactor pressure vessel, a primary containment structure, and secondary containment buildings made of materials like steel and concrete to prevent the release of radioactive materials in case of an accident.

This was part of the Manhattan Project to develop the atom bomb. There were two routes, both followed: 1. to enrich uranium in U235, 2. to produce plutonium by irradiating uranium. The first 1942 reactor demonstrated that the chain reaction would work, this led to the much larger Hanford reactors which produced the plutonium for the 'fat-boy' bombs.

In a nuclear reactor, the chain reaction is controlled to produce a steady flow of energy by regulating the rate of reactions. In an atomic bomb, the chain reaction happens rapidly and uncontrollably, resulting in a massive release of energy in a short period of time, leading to an explosion.

Fuel rods in the reactor vessel are typically made of zirconium alloy tubes, which contain uranium fuel pellets inside. The zirconium alloy provides structural support, while also allowing for the efficient transfer of heat generated during the fission process.

All current nuclear reactors are fission reactors, tritium has no function in a fission reactor, in standard water moderated reactors deuterium also has no function, in heavy water moderated reactors deuterium is the moderator.

If we are ever able to make a fusion reactor, deuterium/tritium mix will be used as fuel.

The symbol for fuel used in nuclear reactors is typically U-235 or U-238, which represent different isotopes of uranium. These isotopes undergo nuclear fission reactions to release energy in a controlled manner within the reactor.

The number of people working at a nuclear reactor can vary depending on the size and type of the reactor. Generally, a nuclear power plant may employ several hundred to over a thousand workers, including engineers, technicians, operators, and support staff. Staffing levels also include various roles in safety, security, maintenance, and administration.

control the rate of the nuclear reaction by slowing down neutrons to enhance the likelihood of fission events. This helps sustain a controlled chain reaction while preventing overheating and runaway reactions.

The radius of radiation from a nuclear reactor can vary depending on factors such as the reactor's power output, type of nuclear fuel used, and containment measures in place. Generally, an exclusion zone of several kilometers is established around a nuclear reactor to protect the public from potential radiation exposure.

No, nuclear reactors using Pu-239 are not considered a renewable source of energy. Although Pu-239 is a fuel source that can be used to generate electricity for an extended period, it is not naturally replenished in a human timescale.

In a pressurized water-reactor, the primary cooling water circulates through the reactor core to remove heat generated by the nuclear fission process. This heated water then transfers its heat to a secondary water loop through a heat exchanger, where the secondary water is converted to steam to drive a turbine and generate electricity. The primary cooling water is then cooled down in a separate heat exchanger before being recirculated back into the reactor core.

No, a security alarm is not a nuclear reactor. A security alarm is a device that is designed to detect intrusion or unauthorized entry into a building or area, and typically triggers an audible and/or visual alert. A nuclear reactor, on the other hand, is a complex system that generates power through nuclear fission or fusion reactions.

The moderator used in the nuclear reactor at Madras Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam is usually heavy water (deuterium oxide) or light water (ordinary water). These moderators are important for slowing down neutrons produced during nuclear fission reactions to sustain the chain reaction in the reactor.

In 1973 nuclear power in France was at a cross-roads. The earlier gas cooled graphite reactors (eight were built), similar to the magnox design in the UK, were clearly not adequate for future power demands, and decisions were made to follow the PWR route in future. I do not have details of when these eight reactors were shutdown, but they existed in 1973. There was also a small PWR at Chooz, of 310 MWe output, and there was a prototype fast reactor Phenix of 250 MWe. Superphenix came later.

So the simple answer was ten reactors (that is power reactors, excluding small research reactors)

If water stopped flowing through a nuclear reactor, the cooling system would fail, leading to a buildup of heat. This could result in the fuel rods overheating and potentially melting down, causing a severe nuclear accident like a meltdown. Cooling water is essential for regulating the temperature and preventing the reactor from overheating.