Penicillin

There is no cross sensitivity between penicillin and tetracycline. They are not in the same family of antibiotics. Your doctor will prescribe an antibiotic based on the type of infection you have and in consideration of your known allergies.

Penicillin is effective against many types of bacterial infections, but not all. It is mainly used to treat infections caused by certain bacteria such as streptococcus, staphylococcus, and some strains of pneumonia and meningitis. However, some bacteria are resistant to penicillin, and other antibiotics may be needed for those infections.

The concentration of penicillin would be needed to convert milligrams to milliliters. Penicillin concentration can vary, so if you know the concentration, you can use the formula: milligrams of penicillin / concentration of penicillin = milliliters of penicillin.

This is essentially because bacterial cells and human cells are very different. Both bacterial and human cells use chemicals called enzymes to build their walls. Penicillin is the right chemical "shape" to chemically stick to part of the bacterial enzyme. When it does this, it stops the bacterial enzyme from working properly and this makes the bacterial cell walls weak. The weakened cell wall cannot withstand the outside pressure, it breaks up and the bacterial cell dies. Human cells are made by different types of enzymes with a different chemical shape that penecillin is unable to stick to so it cant stop the human enzymes from working. The human cell walls are thus unaffected by it and they remain strong.

Exposure to penicillin can lead to the survival of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a population as non-resistant bacteria are killed off, leaving behind those that have developed resistance. Over time, this can increase the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains within the population. It highlights the importance of responsible antibiotic use to prevent the emergence and spread of resistance.

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Penicillin is more effective against Gram positive bacteria. This is because the peptidoglycan layer of Gram negative bacteria acts as a barrier that makes them less susceptible to penicillin.

Well, I'm not really sure exactly how but I am allergic. When I was younger i was prescribed a 600 MG dosage. The next morning i woke up with a rash all over me similar to the chicken pox. I went to the doctor and he said it was an allergic reaction. possibly my immune response had something to do with the rash all over my body.

Penicillin works by irreversibly inhibiting an enzyme (transpeptidase) that catalyzes a crosslinking reaction in the formation of the bacterial cell wall.

Penicillin inhibits the transpeptidase by forming an irreversible covalent bond with the active-site serine residue in the enzyme

Carry the same resistance to penicillin as the parent bacteria. This resistance is usually conferred through genetic mutations or acquisition of resistance genes, allowing the offspring bacteria to withstand the effects of penicillin.

Vancomycin acts by inhibiting proper cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Due to the different mechanism by which Gram-negative bacteria produce their cell walls and the various factors related to entering the outer membrane of Gram-negative organisms, vancomycin is not active against Gram-negative bacteria (except some non-gonococcal species of Neisseria).

The large hydrophilic molecule is able to form hydrogen bond interactions with the terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine moieties of the NAM/NAG-peptides. Under normal circumstances, this is a five-point interaction. This binding of vancomycin to the D-Ala-D-Ala prevents cell wall synthesis in two ways. It prevents the synthesis of the long polymers of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) that form the backbone strands of the bacterial cell wall, and it prevents the backbone polymers that do manage to form from cross-linking with each other

Penicillin primarily targets and is more effective against gram-positive bacteria by disrupting their cell wall synthesis. It is less effective against gram-negative bacteria due to the presence of an outer membrane that restricts penicillin's access to the cell wall.

Penicillium from fungi is mixed with sugar in a fermenter. Fungi grows for about 15-24 hours and then begins to secrete penicillin. The solution is filtered off and is concentrated to give penicillin. Enzymes lipase in biological washing powders are used to break down fats or grease on clothes and protease used to break down proteins such as blood stains.

Penicillin was discovered as a product of the mold Penicillium notatum. This mold is generally found on the skin of oranges and lemons and Alexander Fleming was eating an orange and plating bacteria at the same time. Some mold contaminated the culture dish and when it was incubated, zones of inhibition appeared around the mold colonies. This was investigated and penicillin was discovered! This mold is also commonly found on stale bread.

Penicillin is actually derived from the Penicillium mold, specifically the species Penicillium chrysogenum. It was the first antibiotic discovered and revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.

Penicillin is produced by certain types of fungi, specifically Penicillium molds. These molds can be found in the environment, such as in soil or decaying organic matter. Penicillin was first discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 when he observed its antibiotic properties.

Penicillin is an acid. It contains a beta-lactam ring that confers its antibacterial properties, but the molecule overall is considered an acid due to its chemical structure.

It is the exponential phase.

Many antibiotic such as the Streptogramin family work on the ribosome and indeed the DNA and RNA polymerases. These are most active when the bacteria are dividing and so it causes more harm as it were. Also in Mycobacterium, when dividing it does not have such a thick cell wall, and so it is easier for the antibiotics to penatrate

that is true, also known as the Log phase and is when an organism is most sensative to antibiotics like penicillin-

Penicillin resistance became evident in the 1940's (Huemer and Challem 1997). Bacteria can be resistant to penicillin in different ways. Some can break down the penicillin or they make an enzyme to disguise themselves from it (B. Zimmerman and D. Zimmerman 1996). Staph bacteria developed the ability to cut the beta-lactam ring or the shape of the penicillin. After this resistance was discovered, the beta-lactam ring was altered in 1960 so that the staph bacteria were no longer resistant. This brought about a new form of penicillin called methicillin, but resistance soon started to show and this antibiotic was altered again to create vancomycin (P. Offit, B. Offit, and Bell 1999).

Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to penicillin due to the presence of an outer membrane that acts as a barrier, preventing the antibiotic from reaching its target (peptidoglycan layer). Additionally, gram-negative bacteria possess enzymes called beta-lactamases that can break down penicillin and render it ineffective. These mechanisms make it harder for penicillin to kill gram-negative bacteria compared to gram-positive bacteria.

Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin came about by accident.

Fleming was an untidy worker, often leaving his equipment uncleaned. When he went away for a holiday during 1828, he left a clutter of plates growing various bacteria lying about his desk. After he returned, whilst working on an influenza virus he noticed that mould had grown on a staphylococcus culture plate. Not only that, the mould had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. Working on an hypothesis, he experimented further to determine that even a weaker-strength mould culture prevented growth of staphylococci. Thus, Fleming initiated the development and practice of antibiotic therapy for infectious diseases.

Some positive gram cocci, such as Staphylococcus aureus, can develop resistance to penicillins through the production of beta-lactamase enzymes. In these cases, alternative antibiotics like cephalosporins or vancomycin may be used to treat the infection. It is important to conduct testing to determine the susceptibility of the specific strain to different antibiotics.

Penecillin doesn't attack the cell wall directly, but inhibits one of the enzymes involved in its synthesis in bacteria. The same enzyme isn't present in plants, so they are unaffected.

The plant cell wall is made up of cellulose, whereas the bacterial one is peptidoglycan (sugars and amino acids). Chemically, they're not very similar.