Penicillin

Carry the same resistance to penicillin as the parent bacteria. This resistance is usually conferred through genetic mutations or acquisition of resistance genes, allowing the offspring bacteria to withstand the effects of penicillin.

Vancomycin acts by inhibiting proper cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Due to the different mechanism by which Gram-negative bacteria produce their cell walls and the various factors related to entering the outer membrane of Gram-negative organisms, vancomycin is not active against Gram-negative bacteria (except some non-gonococcal species of Neisseria).

The large hydrophilic molecule is able to form hydrogen bond interactions with the terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine moieties of the NAM/NAG-peptides. Under normal circumstances, this is a five-point interaction. This binding of vancomycin to the D-Ala-D-Ala prevents cell wall synthesis in two ways. It prevents the synthesis of the long polymers of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) that form the backbone strands of the bacterial cell wall, and it prevents the backbone polymers that do manage to form from cross-linking with each other

Penicillin primarily targets and is more effective against gram-positive bacteria by disrupting their cell wall synthesis. It is less effective against gram-negative bacteria due to the presence of an outer membrane that restricts penicillin's access to the cell wall.

Penicillium from fungi is mixed with sugar in a fermenter. Fungi grows for about 15-24 hours and then begins to secrete penicillin. The solution is filtered off and is concentrated to give penicillin. Enzymes lipase in biological washing powders are used to break down fats or grease on clothes and protease used to break down proteins such as blood stains.

Penicillin was discovered as a product of the mold Penicillium notatum. This mold is generally found on the skin of oranges and lemons and Alexander Fleming was eating an orange and plating bacteria at the same time. Some mold contaminated the culture dish and when it was incubated, zones of inhibition appeared around the mold colonies. This was investigated and penicillin was discovered! This mold is also commonly found on stale bread.

Penicillin is actually derived from the Penicillium mold, specifically the species Penicillium chrysogenum. It was the first antibiotic discovered and revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.

Penicillin is produced by certain types of fungi, specifically Penicillium molds. These molds can be found in the environment, such as in soil or decaying organic matter. Penicillin was first discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 when he observed its antibiotic properties.

Penicillin is an acid. It contains a beta-lactam ring that confers its antibacterial properties, but the molecule overall is considered an acid due to its chemical structure.

It is the exponential phase.

Many antibiotic such as the Streptogramin family work on the ribosome and indeed the DNA and RNA polymerases. These are most active when the bacteria are dividing and so it causes more harm as it were. Also in Mycobacterium, when dividing it does not have such a thick cell wall, and so it is easier for the antibiotics to penatrate

that is true, also known as the Log phase and is when an organism is most sensative to antibiotics like penicillin-

Penicillin resistance became evident in the 1940's (Huemer and Challem 1997). Bacteria can be resistant to penicillin in different ways. Some can break down the penicillin or they make an enzyme to disguise themselves from it (B. Zimmerman and D. Zimmerman 1996). Staph bacteria developed the ability to cut the beta-lactam ring or the shape of the penicillin. After this resistance was discovered, the beta-lactam ring was altered in 1960 so that the staph bacteria were no longer resistant. This brought about a new form of penicillin called methicillin, but resistance soon started to show and this antibiotic was altered again to create vancomycin (P. Offit, B. Offit, and Bell 1999).

Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to penicillin due to the presence of an outer membrane that acts as a barrier, preventing the antibiotic from reaching its target (peptidoglycan layer). Additionally, gram-negative bacteria possess enzymes called beta-lactamases that can break down penicillin and render it ineffective. These mechanisms make it harder for penicillin to kill gram-negative bacteria compared to gram-positive bacteria.

Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin came about by accident.

Fleming was an untidy worker, often leaving his equipment uncleaned. When he went away for a holiday during 1828, he left a clutter of plates growing various bacteria lying about his desk. After he returned, whilst working on an influenza virus he noticed that mould had grown on a staphylococcus culture plate. Not only that, the mould had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. Working on an hypothesis, he experimented further to determine that even a weaker-strength mould culture prevented growth of staphylococci. Thus, Fleming initiated the development and practice of antibiotic therapy for infectious diseases.

Some positive gram cocci, such as Staphylococcus aureus, can develop resistance to penicillins through the production of beta-lactamase enzymes. In these cases, alternative antibiotics like cephalosporins or vancomycin may be used to treat the infection. It is important to conduct testing to determine the susceptibility of the specific strain to different antibiotics.

Penecillin doesn't attack the cell wall directly, but inhibits one of the enzymes involved in its synthesis in bacteria. The same enzyme isn't present in plants, so they are unaffected.

The plant cell wall is made up of cellulose, whereas the bacterial one is peptidoglycan (sugars and amino acids). Chemically, they're not very similar.

The mold in your home is not penicillin mold and yes it is bad for your health. Penicillin is derived from Penicillium fungi which is grown in a laboratory. Any mold found in your home is a health hazard and needs to be cleaned up ASAP. Seek professional help with this.

Marie Curie did not invent penicillin. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Marie Curie was a pioneering scientist in the field of radioactivity and made significant contributions to the fields of chemistry and physics.

The half-life of penicillin varies depending on the specific type. For example, the half-life of penicillin G is typically around 30 minutes to 1 hour in the body. Penicillin V, another common type, has a slightly longer half-life of around 1 hour to 1.5 hours.

Yes, penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) are found in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. PBPs are enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and are the target of beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin.

Penicillium mold may occasionally grow in jelly due to spores present in the environment, which can land on the jelly and find suitable conditions to grow and reproduce. Improper storage or contamination during the jelly-making process can also contribute to mold growth. Once the spores find a favorable environment with moisture and nutrients, they can germinate and form visible mold colonies.

Spoiled bread can sometimes contain penicillium mold, which is the same fungus used to produce penicillin. This mold naturally produces the antibiotic penicillin when it grows on bread, which led to the discovery of the antibiotic properties of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928.

Ampicillin, erythromycin, penicillin, and methicillin are effective against Staphylococcus albus but not against Pseudomonas fluorescens. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and streptomycin are effective against Pseudomonas fluorescens. Chloramphenicol and erythromycin are effective against Micrococcus luteus. Tetracycline is effective against Bacillus sp., including Bacillus subtilis. Sulphafurazole is effective against many gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Yes, penicillin prevents the formation of new bacterial cell wall. If a bacteria reproduces, new cell wall cannot be produced and the cell lyses and dies. However penicillin has no effect on a quiescent (non-reproducing) bacteria. Therefore penicillin is also called a bacteriostatic agent (prevents growth of bacteria), which means penicillin does stop bacteria from reproducing.

Penicillin blocks the final stages of peptidoglycan synthesis. If penicillin is present when bacterial cells are dividing, the cell cannot form complete wall and they die.The enzyme lysosome, found in human body secretions, digest peptidoglycan . This helps prevent bacteria from entering the body.