Speleology

Lightning is caused by a build-up of static electricity between raindrops. Eventually, enough builds-up, and it is discharged towards earth. Thunder is the noise caused by such a huge force, it is heard after the lightning is seen because light travels faster than sound.

The area beyond space where no matter exists is often referred to as "void" or "vacuum." It is a hypothetical concept in physics used to describe a region devoid of matter and energy. This idea helps scientists understand the boundaries of the observable universe.

Meramec Caverns in Missouri formed over millions of years through the erosive action of groundwater dissolving the limestone bedrock to create the cave system. The slow process of acidic water dissolving the soluble rock formed the caverns, stalactites, and stalagmites that visitors see today.

Energy in the core of a star is generated through nuclear fusion, where hydrogen atoms combine to form helium, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. This energy production is sustained by the extreme pressure and temperature conditions found at the core of the star, which allow fusion reactions to occur.

Ooblex is a fictional substance often found in role-playing games and fantasy worlds. It is typically described as a gooey or jelly-like material with unique properties or abilities, such as shape-shifting or the ability to absorb other materials.

It's not a straightforward question because some animals are accidentals that won't actually survive long in there, some are cave-users like bats and some species of bird that roost underground but feed outside; yet others are genuine, permanent cave-dwellers.

The last are mainly one or two species of salamander and blind fish, and a wide range of various invertebrates.

Millions of factors affect air temperature. SUch as the air density, air make-up, humidity, temperature of the ground below it, wind speed, time of year, amount of sunlight and many more.

Fresh bat guano contains high levels of ammonia, which is responsible for its strong odor. The ammonia is produced as a result of the breakdown of proteins in the bat's diet. The combination of ammonia and other compounds in the guano creates the characteristic foul smell.

Bats, obviously, certain types of fish, some evolved blind, salamanders, snakes, we have the expression (Snake Pit), glow worms, fireflies... there are many animals adapted to cave life. It should be noted that in prehistoric times there was a Felis Speleo or (Cave Cat) believed to be of the Leo ( Lion) group and certainly a Great Cat. They are as far as I know, extinct. Do not confuse with the Smilodon or Sabre-Tooth tiger, another relic of the past.

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The scientific study of caves is referred to as speleology. It involves the exploration, mapping, and study of caves, including their geological formations, ecosystems, and history.

There is no "Darkest Cave", any cave that doesn't get any sunlight in it is PITCH BLACK. Once I went on a cave tour and turned out the lights for fun. I couldn't see my hands a matter of an inch in front of my face

This process is called soil erosion. It occurs when soil or rock is removed from its original location through activities like strip-mining, dredging, or construction, leading to a disruption in the composition of the soil.

Chemical weathering - the rock is dissolved by rain-water acidified slightly by absorbed atmospheric carbon-dioxide.

The naturally magnetic stone found in caves is called lodestone. Lodestone is a type of magnetite that has the ability to attract iron.

No, most stars are significantly larger than Earth. Stars are massive celestial bodies that generate light and heat through nuclear fusion in their cores. Earth is a relatively small rocky planet in comparison to the vast size of most stars.

Total darkness is typically defined as less than 0.005 lux, as this is the lowest level of light where the human eye can detect any presence of light. The spectral response of light may be a factor to consider for more precise measurements, but for general purposes, the lux value is sufficient.

Chert is a sedimentary rock composed of pure silica, occurring either in interlayered beds with other sedimentary rocks or as odd-shaped or rounded lumps called nodules found in other sedimentary rocks. The bedded form is often composed of the skeletal remains of tiny marine organisms, and these skeletons can be seen with the aid of a microscope. The nodular chert is formed from the precipitation of quartz from silica-rich ground water, and appears with frequency in limestone.

Sinkholes and caverns are created through a process called karstification, which occurs when acidic water dissolves underlying limestone or other soluble rock formations. Over time, this dissolution creates cavities underground which can eventually collapse, forming sinkholes. Caverns are another type of underground cavity that form when water repeatedly dissolves and erodes the rock, creating larger open spaces.

Granite is a durable and hard material, making it resistant to cracking and chipping, but it can still be prone to damage from excessive force or impacts. It is less prone to breakage compared to materials like glass or ceramic. Properly cared for and maintained, granite can remain in good condition for many years.

Groundwater naturally contains carbon dioxide, which forms a weak acid when it combines with water. This slightly acidic water can slowly dissolve limestone, which is made of calcium carbonate, to form caverns and underground channels over time.

Speleothems are mineral deposits that form in caves as a result of water dripping or flowing through the cave, leaving behind minerals such as calcite. Examples of speleothems include stalactites, stalagmites, flowstones, and soda straws. They can provide valuable information about past climate conditions and cave environments.

It is estimated that around 1.5% of the Earth's crust is composed of aluminum, making it one of the most abundant metals in the Earth's crust. However, extracting aluminum from its ore bauxite is energy-intensive and requires significant processing.

Caverns form through the gradual dissolution of limestone by acidic groundwater, creating underground openings. Sinkholes occur when the roof of these caverns collapse, or when there is a sudden collapse of the surface layer due to erosion of underlying material like limestone or salt deposits. Both geological processes are commonly found in areas with soluble bedrock.

The dripstone that grows down from the roof of a cavern is called a stalactite. Stalactites are formed by mineral-rich water dripping, leaving behind deposits of minerals such as calcite. Over time, these deposits build up and create elongated structures hanging from the cave ceiling.