Supernovae

Neutrino detectors are important for studying supernovae because neutrinos are the first particles to escape a supernova explosion, providing insight into the explosion dynamics and neutron star formation. By detecting neutrinos, scientists can study the neutrino signal to better understand the physics of supernovae and gain information that is not accessible through electromagnetic observations.

In supernovas, besides energy, heavy elements like iron, nickel, and lead are also released into space through a process called nucleosynthesis. These elements are formed during the extreme conditions of a supernova explosion and then scattered into the universe, eventually becoming part of new stars, planets, and even life.

According to prevailing astronomical theory, red dwarfs do not become supernovae, so the best answer to the question is "nonexistant."

A nova is a star which has a close companion star, and draws stellar material off of it's companion, occasionally flaring up very brightly in the process. A supernova is a massive and hot star to begin with, that tends to go through it's life cycle at high speed, and ending it's life in a cataclysmic explosion. Supernova remnants then collapse into a neutron star - a spinning, very hot pile of stellar ash, so dense that a teaspoonful of it would weigh thousands of tons. If the collapsed supernova star was big enough, it's gravity upon collapse is so intense than not even light can escape from it, and it becomes what is called a "Black Hole".

A collapsed core of a supernova that only contains neutrons is called a neutron star. Neutron stars are very dense, with a mass greater than the sun but compressed into a sphere only about 12 miles in diameter. They are supported by neutron degeneracy pressure, which prevents further collapse.

Supernovae release vast quantities of radiation. However, the impact on planets of nearby stars without life is probably long-term negligible... rocks aren't affected all that much by radiation anyway.

Massive stars.

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2nd Answer:

Yes, massive stars, but ones with another star like a red giant orbiting each other.

The to-be supernova 'sucks' material from the other star near it until its mass is large enough to make the star collapse and burst.

A supernova is a star saying "The End". The H-R diagram shows they different types of stars by spectral class, color, etc. It was never intended to show the ending of stars. On most H-R diagrams, you will find at the top, or occasionally top right, a place for "Supergiants". Some of those stars will eventually become supernovas. To be absolutely clear: A supernova isn't a type of star - it is the "end" of a type of star.

Supernovas are relatively rare events in our universe. They occur when a massive star reaches the end of its life and explodes in a spectacular fashion, releasing a huge amount of energy and creating new elements. While they are not common occurrences, they play a crucial role in the life cycle of stars and the evolution of galaxies.

No, only large stars go supernova when nuclear fusion breaks down. While white dwarfs can go supernova in some instances, brown dwarfs are failed stars which are not powered by nuclear fusion.

Yes, a supernova can form a new nebula. When a massive star ends its life in a supernova explosion, the explosion can create shockwaves that compress surrounding gas and dust, triggering the formation of a new nebula. This new nebula can eventually give birth to new stars and planetary systems.

Advantages: Supernovae are essential for creating and dispersing heavy elements crucial for life, such as iron and gold, into the universe. They also release immense amounts of energy and contribute to the evolution of galaxies.

Disadvantages: Supernovae produce intense radiation and can have destructive effects on planets or stars in close proximity. They can also disrupt surrounding environments and potentially cause harm to life forms in affected regions.

The leftover materials from a huge star explosion, known as a supernova, can include heavy elements like iron, nickel, and gold, as well as lighter elements like hydrogen and helium. These materials are ejected into space during the explosion and can eventually contribute to the formation of new stars and planets.

Our Sun is currently a main sequence star. It is not a supernova, as supernovae are massive explosions that occur at the end of a star's life cycle, and it is not a white dwarf, which is a type of star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel and collapsed to a very dense state.

As massive red supergiants age, they produce "onion layers" of heavier and heavier elements in their interiors. However, stars will not fuse elements heavier than iron. Fusing iron doesn't release energy. It uses up energy. Thus a core of iron builds up in the centers of massive supergiants.

Eventually, the iron core reaches something called the Chandrasekhar Mass , which is about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. When something is this massive, not even electron degeneracy pressure can hold it up.

The core collapses. Two important things happen:

* Protons and electrons are pushed together to form neutrons and neutrinos.

Even though neutrinos don't interact easily with matter, at densities as high as they are here, they exert a tremendous outward pressure.

* The outer layers fall inward when the iron core collapses. When the core stops collapsing (this happens when the neutrons start getting packed too tightly -- neutron degeracy), the outer layers crash into the core and rebound, sending shock waves outward.

These two effects -- neutrino outburst and rebound shock wave -- cause the entire star outside the core to be blow apart in a huge explosion: a type II supernova!

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It is not currently known how a supermassive black hole forms, or how long it takes. However, since they are present in early galaxies, they must have formed soon after the galaxy (at the lastest), in a fairly short time. I would guess they took no more than a few hundred million years to form, perhaps even less.

Yes, a supernova can occur when a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel and collapses under its own gravity. This collapse can result in either a neutron star or a black hole, depending on the mass of the original star.

The Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima exploded with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (~6 × 10^13 joules)

During the Cold War, the United States developed hydrogen bombs with a maximum theoretical yield of 25 megatons (~10^15 Joules)

A Supernova releases as much energy as the Sun emits in it's entire life or 1044 joules

which is about ten octillion megatons of TNT (~10^28 joules)

So you'd need about 10 trillon (~10^13) of the most powerful hydrogen bombs to equal a supernova.

The most powerful hydrogen bomb was the Tsar Bomb created by the Soviet Union. It was designed to output over 100 megatons of TNT but was reduced to 50 megatons in order to reduce fall out.

There are currently no stars in the Orion constellation showing signs of going supernova. If a star in the Orion constellation were to go supernova, it would likely be visible to us on Earth given Orion's proximity.

A supernova is a powerful and explosive event that occurs when a star reaches the end of its life cycle and undergoes a catastrophic collapse. This process results in a sudden and dramatic increase in brightness, outshining an entire galaxy for a brief period of time. Supernovae play a crucial role in the distribution of elements in the universe and can also trigger the formation of new stars.

A supernova can release massive amounts of energy and radiation, potentially damaging any nearby planets or celestial bodies. The intense radiation from a supernova can strip away a planet's atmosphere and cause disruption to its magnetic field. The shockwave from a nearby supernova could also trigger star formation or disrupt existing planetary systems.

SN 2006gy was the brightest and largest supernova ever discovered, scientists announced. The star was in the NGC 1260 galaxy, in the same direction as the constellation Perseus and may be a type of supernova previously predicted by theory but not observed. The conclusion was reached after extended observations of the supernova by both optical telescopes and X-ray telescopy. Currently, there are two possible explanations for the supernova's brightness, but both require the star in question to have been at least a hundred times as massive as the sun. Although the supernova is brighter than SN 1987A, which was bright enough to be seen by the naked eye, SN 2006gy is too far away to be seen by the naked eye.

the nebula stage in a stars life cycle lasts for 25,000 years before turning into a white dwarf and then into a black dwarf.