Supernovae

A supernova is a highly energetic and explosive event that occurs when a star reaches the end of its life cycle. It involves a rapid and violent collapse of the star's core, resulting in a burst of energy and matter being expelled into space. During a supernova, the matter is in a highly energetic and dense state, transitioning from a combination of different states of matter including plasma.

When a supernova collapses suddenly, the intense gravitational forces cause the core to shrink rapidly, forcing protons and electrons to combine into neutrons. This results in the formation of a neutron star or a black hole, depending on the initial mass of the collapsing star. The collapse also releases an enormous amount of energy in the form of neutrinos and a blast wave, dispersing heavy elements and enriching the surrounding space.

First, a supernova is a stellar detonation. It exists for a very very short time. In effect, it is a white dwarf (ie: exposed star core) with a nebula rapidly retreated / expelled from it.

As for the remainder of the question, categorically speaking the answer is black hole.

That said, a black hole can be so small (in size) that despite its mass it would have little or no affect even if it passed right through you. Some theorists have spoken of pseudo-hydrogen, basically a black hole with an electron captured in orbit about it. However, such would never last long due to Hawking radiation (the means by which black holes evaporate over time). Likely many such were created during the Big Bang and have long since evaporated. Some might even be created in the largest particle acceleraters of the future, but they too would evaporate before leaving the lab. Well, a supernova has more push than pull when it occurs, and a white dwarf is too tiny to have too much of a pull and the black hole actually has the biggest gravitational pull in the universe! Well for humans know that is.

1. Neutron star: A dense remnant composed primarily of neutrons formed from the collapsing core of a massive star during a supernova explosion.
2. Black hole: A region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape, formed when the core of a massive star collapses during a supernova.
3. Heavy elements: Elements with atomic numbers higher than iron, such as gold, uranium, and platinum, are created during the intense temperatures and pressures of a supernova explosion.

Elements present in a star just before it forms a supernova would include hydrogen, helium, carbon, oxygen, and iron. The star undergoes nuclear fusion to produce heavier elements in its core, leading to the buildup of iron which triggers the supernova explosion.

A Type Ia supernova is created by the merger of two white dwarfs. This type of supernova occurs when the combined mass of the white dwarfs exceeds a critical limit, leading to a thermonuclear explosion that destroys the star.

On average, supernovae occur about once every 50 years in a galaxy the size of the Milky Way.

However, there are an estimated 100 billion galaxies.

The reason we don't see them all the time, is the shear distance from Earth and the time it takes light to reach us.

See related for information about a supernova

A nebula (a bright region of expanding gas) is often the visible remnant of a supernova explosion. The gas is not nearly as dense as it appears but has enough matter to block light coming from behind it, or from within it. Nebulae often react with clouds of interstellar gas to create new proto-stars.

No, the Necchi Supernova sewing machine was not designed or marketed as an industrial sewing machine. It was designed for home use. However, it is significantly sturdier than some modern machines containing plastic parts, and it will sew better due to being designed better.

During a supernova, a star releases a variety of elements and particles into surrounding space. This includes heavy elements like iron, silicon, and oxygen, as well as high-energy photons, neutrinos, and cosmic rays. These materials play a crucial role in enriching the interstellar medium and seeding the formation of new stars and planetary systems.

There are some effects of UV radiation that might mutate your face but the closest star is so far away it probably wouldn't have much effect at all. Our Sun will never go supernova but if it did, in this situation you wouldn't want to be anywhere in the solar system none the less turn to look at it.

There are many, as too there are many stars. Most supernova explosions are outside of our Galaxy and can occur at any time. So when a supernova explosion is witnessed, it's a rare event.

Within our galaxy, or at least within visual with the naked eye, it has to be Betelgeuse. At only 600 light years from us, it is already experiencing the precursor to a supernova eruption. When it will occur - or more correctly - when will we observe it, is any ones guess, but it is expected within humanities lifetime.

Stars are giant nuclear fusion reactors; with their intense heat and pressure from their immense gravity, they smash hydrogen atoms into helium -- this is called fusion. Helium atoms fuse together to become heavier elements; this is how all of the elements past hydrogen and helium were created (hydrogen was created by the creation of the universe, and it is believed some helium may have been created then, too, but every element past helium owes its existence to the nuclear fusion in stars). This fusion process generates energy for the star (some of the particles making up the atoms that are smashed together are converted into energy during the fusion process), which is why stars continue to burn for so long -- the fusion of atoms generates energy that fuses more atoms together.

As atoms get heavier, however, they are more resistant to fusion and it takes more energy to smash the atoms together. Past iron, atoms require more energy to fuse together than the energy that comes out of the fusion process. The fusion process continues, however, because not all of a star fuses to the same element at the same time (100% of the hydrogen doesn't fuse immediately into helium ... by the time iron atoms are created, there is still plenty of hydrogen still fusing). Because stars are fluid-like plasma, heavier atoms readily sink through to the star's core. It is not a steady process, however ... heavier atoms can sometimes trap lighter ones beneath them. Gradually, though, more and more iron concentrates in the core ... but while fusion is still going on from lighter elements, the iron atoms continue fusing to heavier elements.

Eventually, however, there are too many heavy atoms in a star's core and the fusion fire seizes. The iron atoms collapse and a huge explosion is generated -- depending on the star's size, this can be a nova or supernova (plural novae or supernovae). The energy of this explosion blasts away the dead star's material, including the iron and heavier elements. The heavier elements will tend to form dust and other debris, that may eventually join with clouds of hydrogen to form part of a new solar system.

This is how the elements present in our solar system, and right here on Earth, came to be -- from carbon which makes up most life down to the ultra-heavy atoms like uranium, all of it was created in the fusion of stars and blasted away by novae and supernovae.

A likely progenitor of a Type Ia supernova is a white dwarf star in a binary system, accreting material from a companion star until it reaches a critical mass, triggering a thermonuclear explosion.

Iron is the heaviest element formed by fusion in the core of a supergiant star prior to its supernova explosion. Elements heavier than iron are typically formed during the supernova explosion itself through nucleosynthesis processes.

After a supernova explosion, the core collapses and can form a neutron star or a black hole. The outer layers of the star are expelled into space at high speeds, creating a colorful expanding shell of gas and dust called a supernova remnant. These remnants can be seen as bright objects in the sky for many years after the initial explosion.

A light curve is a graph showing the brightness of an astronomical object over time. In the case of novae or supernovae, their light curves exhibit a rapid increase in brightness followed by a gradual decrease. By analyzing the shape and characteristics of the light curve, astronomers can determine the type and nature of the astronomical event, helping to identify whether it is a nova or a supernova.

Alioth is not a supernova. Alioth is the brightest star in the Big Dipper asterism and is located in the Ursa Major constellation. It is a relatively young star that is part of a group of stars known as the Ursa Major Moving Group.

No, you should not be worried about supernovas. While they are powerful explosions of dying stars, they are typically far enough away from Earth to pose any direct threat to us.

A supernova is not a celestial body in itself, but rather an astronomical event where a star suddenly increases greatly in brightness due to an explosive burst of energy. It is the result of the death of a massive star.

Elements such as gold, silver, and uranium are typically remnants of a supernova explosion. These heavy elements are formed during the intense energy release of a supernova event.

Yes, supernova incense can be tested using various methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze its chemical composition, sensory evaluation by trained panelists to assess its aroma profile, and burning tests to determine its smoke emission and burning characteristics. Testing can help ensure product quality, safety, and compliance with regulations.

A safe distance from a supernova explosion would be millions of light-years away. The energy and radiation emitted during a supernova event are extremely powerful and can have destructive effects on planets and other celestial bodies nearby.

The absolute magnitude of the 1987A supernova shock halo is estimated to range between -9 to -10 magnitudes in the visible light spectrum. This value indicates the intrinsic brightness of the halo if it were observed from a standard distance of 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years).

The core collapse speed for a supernova can be up to 70,000 km/s, or about 23% of the speed of light. This rapid collapse leads to the core reaching high densities and temperatures, triggering the explosive release of energy that characterizes a supernova event.